Post-Independence India (1947–Present)

Modern Developments

The adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950 established India as a sovereign, secular, socialist, democratic republic.
The Green Revolution (1960s–1970s) transformed India’s agriculture, achieving self-sufficiency in food grains.
The White Revolution, spearheaded by Verghese Kurien, made India the largest producer of milk and dairy products.
India’s space program, led by ISRO, achieved significant milestones, including the

The First Indo-Pak War (1947–1948) occurred over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and ended with a UN-mediated ceasefire.
The conflict led to the division of Jammu and Kashmir into areas controlled by India and Pakistan.
The Sino-Indian War (1962) arose due to border disputes in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.
The 1962 war exposed India's military weaknesses and led to reforms in defense preparedness.
The

The concept of Five-Year Plans in India was inspired by the Soviet model of economic planning.
The Planning Commission was established in 1950 under the chairmanship of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
India’s first Five-Year Plan was launched in 1951 with a focus on agriculture and irrigation.
The first plan was successful and achieved a growth rate of 3.6%, higher than the target of 2.1%.
The Second Five-Year Plan (195

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26th November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.
It came into effect on 26th January 1950, a date celebrated annually as Republic Day.
The drafting of the Constitution was led by the Constituent Assembly, formed in 1946.
The Drafting Committee, chaired by Dr. B.R.

At the time of independence in 1947, India consisted of 565 princely states alongside British-administered territories.
These princely states were given the choice to join India, Pakistan, or remain independent.
The task of integrating these states was led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India.
Patel, along with V.P.