Structure of the Earth

  1. The Earth is divided into three main layers: the core, mantle, and crust.
  2. The crust is the Earth's outermost layer, comprising solid rocks and minerals.
  3. The thickness of the crust varies from 5 km under oceans to 70 km under continents.
  4. The crust is divided into the continental crust and oceanic crust.
  5. The continental crust is primarily composed of granite, while the oceanic crust is made of basa

Origin of the Earth

  1. The Earth is a part of the Solar System, which includes the Sun, eight planets, and other celestial bodies.
  2. The Big Bang Theory explains the origin of the universe approximately 13.8 billion years ago.
  3. The Solar System is believed to have formed about 4.6 billion years ago.
  4. The nebular hypothesis proposed by Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace suggests the Solar System formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust.
  5. The protostar at the center of the nebula eventually b

Modern Developments

  1. The adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950 established India as a sovereign, secular, socialist, democratic republic.
  2. The Green Revolution (1960s–1970s) transformed India’s agriculture, achieving self-sufficiency in food grains.
  3. The White Revolution, spearheaded by Verghese Kurien, made India the largest producer of milk and dairy products.
  4. India’s space program, led by ISRO, achieved significant milestones, including the

Wars and Conflicts

  1. The First Indo-Pak War (1947–1948) occurred over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and ended with a UN-mediated ceasefire.
  2. The conflict led to the division of Jammu and Kashmir into areas controlled by India and Pakistan.
  3. The Sino-Indian War (1962) arose due to border disputes in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.
  4. The 1962 war exposed India's military weaknesses and led to reforms in defense preparedness.
  5. The

Five-Year Plans and Economic Reforms

  1. The concept of Five-Year Plans in India was inspired by the Soviet model of economic planning.
  2. The Planning Commission was established in 1950 under the chairmanship of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
  3. India’s first Five-Year Plan was launched in 1951 with a focus on agriculture and irrigation.
  4. The first plan was successful and achieved a growth rate of 3.6%, higher than the target of 2.1%.
  5. The Second Five-Year Plan (195

Constitution of India (1950)

  1. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26th November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.
  2. It came into effect on 26th January 1950, a date celebrated annually as Republic Day.
  3. The drafting of the Constitution was led by the Constituent Assembly, formed in 1946.
  4. The Drafting Committee, chaired by Dr. B.R.

Partition and Integration of Princely States

  1. At the time of independence in 1947, India consisted of 565 princely states alongside British-administered territories.
  2. These princely states were given the choice to join India, Pakistan, or remain independent.
  3. The task of integrating these states was led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India.
  4. Patel, along with V.P.

Partition of India (1947)

  1. The Partition of India in 1947 led to the creation of two independent nations: India and Pakistan.
  2. It was the result of growing communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims during British rule.
  3. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League had divergent visions for India’s future.
  4. In 1940, the Muslim League, under Muhammad Ali Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate state for Muslims.
  5. The British

Revolutionary Movements

  1. The Revolutionary Movements aimed at ending British rule through armed struggle and radical methods.
  2. These movements emerged as a response to the perceived inadequacy of moderate and non-violent methods.
  3. The Indian National Army (INA) and other underground groups became symbols of this phase of nationalism.
  4. Prominent revolutionary organizations included the Anushilan Samiti and the Ghadar Party.
  5. In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempted to assa

Gandhian Era

  1. The Gandhian Era refers to the period in Indian history dominated by Mahatma Gandhi (1915–1947).
  2. Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 and soon became a key leader in the Indian nationalist movement.
  3. He introduced the philosophy of Satyagraha, which emphasized non-violent resistance to injustice.
  4. The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) marked Gandhi’s first significant involvement in Indian politics, supporting indigo farmers against exploitation.
  5. T