Logic gates, applications in circuits1.
Diodes, transistors, and basic electronic devices1.
Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors1. ConductorsConductors are materials that allow the easy flow of electric current.Their conductivity is due to the presence of free electrons.Examples include metals such as copper, aluminum, and…
Cathode ray tube and its applications (e.g., television)1. Introduction to Cathode RaysCathode rays are streams of electrons emitted from the cathode in a vacuum tube.They were first observed by J.J. Thomson, who identified them as negatively charged…
Discovery, properties, and applications of X-rays1.
Nuclear fission and fusion, energy from nuclear reactions1.
Half-life, decay constant, applications of radioactivity1.
Types of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma)Types of Radioactive DecayRadioactive decay is the process by which an unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation. The three main types of radioactive decay are:
Bohr’s atomic model, atomic spectra, quantum numbersBohr’s Atomic ModelProposed by Niels Bohr in 1913 to address the limitations of Rutherford’s atomic model.Electrons move in specific quantized orbits around the nucleus without radiating energy.These…
Structure of the atom, discovery of electrons, protons, and neutronsAn atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.It consists of a nucleus at the center and electrons orbiting around it.The nucleus contains protons (positively…