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Introduction
- Acid rain refers to precipitation (rain, snow, or fog) that contains higher levels of acidic components, such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
- It is caused primarily by the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.
- Acid rain has both natural and anthropogenic sources, with human activities being the major contributors.
Causes of Acid Rain
- Combustion of foss
Introduction
- Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions.
- Global warming is the rise in Earth's average surface temperature due to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs).
- These issues are closely linked and have far-reaching implications for ecosystems, weather patterns, and human life.
Causes of Climate Change and Global Warming
- Excessive emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) from burn
Introduction
- The ozone layer is a protective shield in the Earth's stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
- Ozone layer depletion refers to the thinning and reduction of ozone concentration, primarily over polar regions.
- The phenomenon of the "ozone hole" was first observed in the Antarctic region in the 1980s.
Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion
- Release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from aerosols, refrigerators, and air conditioners.
Noise Pollution
Introduction
- Noise pollution refers to the excessive and unwanted sound that disrupts the natural balance and affects human and animal life.
- Measured in decibels (dB), noise pollution is considered harmful above 85 dB.
Causes of Noise Pollution
- Urbanization leading to increased traffic noise from vehicles and honking.
- Industrial activities involving heavy machinery, factories, and construction work.
- Loudspeakers, music concerts, and public events creating
Introduction
- Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil with harmful substances that reduce its fertility and productivity.
- It is caused by a combination of natural and anthropogenic activities, affecting agriculture, ecosystems, and human health.
- Major contaminants include pesticides, heavy metals, plastics, and untreated waste.
Causes of Soil Pollution
- Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides in agriculture.
- Improper disposal of
Introduction
- Water pollution occurs when harmful substances contaminate water bodies, making them unsuitable for human use, aquatic life, and the environment.
- It is a major environmental issue affecting rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater.
- Main pollutants include chemicals, biological contaminants, heavy metals, and plastics.
Sources of Water Pollution
- Industrial waste containing toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and dyes is often discharged into water bodies without proper treatment.
Introduction
- Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the atmosphere that affect human health, wildlife, and the environment.
- It is a significant environmental issue caused by both natural and anthropogenic activities.
- Major pollutants include particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Causes of Air Pollution
- Burning of fossil fuels such as coal,