Chemistry

1. Introduction to Electrochemical Cells

1. Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa.
2. They are classified into two types: Galvanic cells (voltaic cells) and electrolytic cells.
3. In both types, redox reactions occur, involving electron transfer.

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1. Introduction to Redox Reactions

1. Redox reactions involve both oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons).
2. The term oxidation originally referred to the addition of oxygen, while reduction referred to the removal of oxygen.
3. Modern definitions are based on the transfer of electrons.

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1. Overview of Le Chatelier’s Principle

1. Le Chatelier’s Principle states that when a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature, the system adjusts itself to minimize the effect of the disturbance and restore a new equilibrium.
2. This principle helps predict the direction in which the equilibrium will shift in response to external changes.

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1. Law of Mass Action

1. The Law of Mass Action states that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants raised to their respective stoichiometric coefficients.
2. For a reversible reaction: aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, the equilibrium expression is: 

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