Chemistry

1.

1. What are Colligative Properties?

1. Colligative properties depend only on the number of solute particles in a solution, not their nature.
2. The four main colligative properties are:
   • Relative lowering of vapor pressure
   • Boiling point elevation
   • Freezing point depression
   • Osmotic pressure

2.

1. What are Solutions?

1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
2. The substance in larger quantity is called the solvent, and the one in smaller quantity is called the solute.
3. Solutions can exist in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas.

2.

1. What are Emulsions?

1. An emulsion is a type of colloid where two immiscible liquids are dispersed into each other.
2. One liquid acts as the dispersed phase, and the other acts as the dispersion medium.
3. Emulsions are stabilized by substances called emulsifying agents, such as soaps and detergents.

2. Types of Emulsions

1. Oil-in-water (O/W): Oil droplets are dispersed in water.

1. Introduction to Adsorption

1. Adsorption is the process where particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) from a substance accumulate on the surface of another substance.
2. The substance on which adsorption occurs is called the adsorbent.
3. The substance being adsorbed is called the adsorbate.
4. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon and differs from absorption, which involves penetration into the bulk.

2.

1. Introduction to Catalysts

1. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
2. Catalysts provide an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy.
3. They do not alter the equilibrium position of a reversible reaction.
4. Catalysts are classified as homogeneous (same phase as reactants) or heterogeneous (different phase).

2.

1. Introduction to Activation Energy

1. Activation energy (Ea) is the minimum energy required for reactants to form products.
2. It is a crucial concept in understanding how reactions proceed at the molecular level.
3. Reactions with lower activation energy occur more quickly than those with higher activation energy.
4. Transition state: Reactants must pass through a high-energy intermediate state before converting to products.

2.

1. Introduction to Chemical Kinetics

1. Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that studies the rate of chemical reactions and the factors affecting them.
2. The rate of reaction refers to the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time.
3. It helps in understanding the mechanism of chemical processes.

2.

1. Introduction to Batteries

1. A battery is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
2. Batteries are classified as primary (non-rechargeable) or secondary (rechargeable).
3. They consist of two electrodes (anode and cathode) and an electrolyte for ionic conduction.

2.

1. Electrolysis is a process where electrical energy is used to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
2. Occurs in an electrolytic cell, which consists of two electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution.
3. The anode is the site of oxidation (loss of electrons), and the cathode is the site of reduction (gain of electrons).

2.