Botany

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1. Introduction

1. Mineral nutrition is the study of how plants absorb and utilize nutrients.
2. Plants require essential nutrients for growth, metabolism, and development.
3. Deficiency of any essential nutrient can cause physiological disorders.
4. Nutrients are classified into macronutrients and micronutrients.

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1. Introduction

1. Water is essential for plant growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient transport.
2. Plants absorb water through their roots and transport it to different parts.
3. Water movement in plants occurs via transpiration, ascent of sap, and transpiration pull.

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1. Introduction to Plant-Water Relations

1. Water plays a crucial role in plant growth, metabolism, and survival.
2. Water movement in plants occurs through physical processes like diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis.
3. These processes help in nutrient transport, cell expansion, and maintaining turgor pressure.

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1. Introduction to Cellular Respiration

1. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
2. It occurs in three main stages:
   • Glycolysis (Occurs in the cytoplasm)
   • Krebs Cycle (Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix)
   • Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane)

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1. Introduction to Respiration

1. Respiration is the biological process by which cells break down glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) to produce energy (ATP).
2. Occurs in all living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
3. The energy released is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
4. There are two main types of respiration:
   • Aerobic Respiration
   • Anaerobic Respiration

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1. Introduction to Photosynthesis

1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) using light energy.
2. It takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
3. The reaction is: 

1. Introduction to Photosynthesis

1. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants synthesize organic compounds using light energy.
2. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
3. The process involves the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).
4. The overall reaction is: 

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1. Introduction to Secondary Growth

1. Secondary growth refers to the increase in the girth (thickness) of a plant.
2. It occurs due to the activity of lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium.
3. Mostly found in dicotyledonous plants and gymnosperms; absent in monocots.

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