Botany

1. Introduction

1. Cell organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
2. They can be classified as membrane-bound (mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus) or non-membranous (ribosomes).
3. Each organelle plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular functions like energy production, protein synthesis, and transport.

2.

1. Introduction

1. A cell is the fundamental unit of life.
2. The study of cells is called Cell Biology.
3. Cells contain various organelles that perform specific functions.
4. Key structures in plant and some bacterial cells include the Cell Wall, Plasma Membrane, Nucleus, Chloroplasts, and Vacuoles.

2.

1. Introduction

1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
2. The study of cells is known as Cell Biology.
3. Cells can be classified into Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells based on their structure.
4. Plant cells have unique structures such as a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.

2. Prokaryotic vs.

1. Introduction

1. Angiosperms are the most advanced and diverse group of plants.
2. They are also known as flowering plants because they produce flowers.
3. Angiosperms are characterized by enclosed seeds inside a fruit.
4. They belong to the division Angiospermae under the kingdom Plantae.
5. They are found in almost all habitats, including land, water, and extreme conditions.

2.

1. Introduction

1. Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants where seeds are not enclosed within a fruit.
2. The term "Gymnosperm" means "naked seed" in Greek.
3. They are vascular plants with well-developed xylem and phloem.
4. Common examples include Pine, Cycas, Ginkgo, and Ephedra.
5. Most gymnosperms are woody perennials and include large trees.

2.

1. Introduction

1. Pteridophytes are the first true land plants to develop vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).
2. They are often called the "Botanical Amphibians" as they require water for fertilization.
3. Commonly found in moist and shady places like forests, hillsides, and riverbanks.
4. Examples include ferns, horsetails, and club mosses.
5. The dominant phase in their life cycle is the sporophyte.

2.

1.

1. Introduction

1. Algae are simple, autotrophic, and aquatic photosynthetic organisms.
2. They lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
3. Found in freshwater, marine water, moist soil, and even extreme environments.
4. They reproduce by vegetative, asexual, and sexual methods.

2.

1. Introduction

1. Plant growth and development are influenced by environmental factors like light and temperature.
2. Photoperiodism is the response of plants to the duration of light and darkness.
3. Vernalization is the process of cold treatment to induce flowering in plants.
4. Both phenomena help plants adapt to seasonal changes and optimize reproduction.

2.

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