Botany

1. Introduction

1. The stem and leaf are essential vegetative organs of plants.
2. Their internal structure helps in transport, photosynthesis, and support.
3. Both structures differ significantly in monocots and dicots.

2.

1. Introduction

1. The root is an essential organ of a plant that anchors it and absorbs water and minerals.
2. Roots are classified into monocot and dicot roots based on their internal structure.
3. Both types share common tissue layers but differ in arrangement of vascular bundles, pith, and cortex.

2.

1. Introduction

1. Plant morphology refers to the external structure of plants.
2. The three main vegetative organs are the root, stem, and leaf.
3. Roots anchor the plant, stems provide support, and leaves perform photosynthesis.

2.

1. Introduction to Permanent Tissues

1. Permanent tissue is derived from meristematic tissue and has lost its ability to divide.
2. It plays a vital role in providing support, transport, and storage in plants.
3. Permanent tissue is classified into simple and complex tissues.

2. Simple Permanent Tissue

Simple permanent tissues are made up of only one type of cell.

1. Introduction to Plant Tissues

1. A tissue is a group of cells with a common origin and function.
2. Plant tissues are classified into meristematic and permanent tissues.
3. Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells responsible for plant growth.

2.

1. Introduction to Fruits

1. A fruit is a matured and ripened ovary that contains seeds.
2. It develops after fertilization, although some fruits form without fertilization (called parthenocarpic fruits).
3. The primary function of fruits is to protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.

2.

1. Introduction to Flowers

1. A flower is the reproductive organ of angiosperms.
2. It is responsible for sexual reproduction and produces seeds.
3. Flowers can be unisexual (having either stamens or carpels) or bisexual (having both stamens and carpels).

2.

1. Introduction

1. The flower is the reproductive organ of angiosperms.
2. It consists of four main parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil.
3. The arrangement of flowers on a plant is called inflorescence.

2.

1. Introduction

1. The leaf is a lateral, flattened structure of the plant, mainly responsible for photosynthesis.
2. It is typically green due to the presence of chlorophyll.
3. Leaves arise from the nodes of the stem and are arranged in a specific manner.
4. Their main functions include photosynthesis, transpiration, gas exchange, and storage.

2.