1. Introduction

1. Roots are the underground part of the plant that provides anchorage and absorption.
2. In some plants, roots are modified to perform specialized functions.
3. Root modifications are classified into three major types: Storage, Support, and Respiratory roots.

2.

1. Fertilizers

1. Fertilizers are substances used to supply essential nutrients to plants.
2. They help improve soil fertility and enhance agricultural productivity.
3. Fertilizers can be classified into organic and inorganic (chemical) fertilizers.

2.

1. Introduction to Petroleum

1. Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations.
2. It is composed of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds.
3. Also known as crude oil, it is refined to produce various useful products.

2.

1. Introduction to Metallurgy

1. Metallurgy is the process of extracting metals from their ores and refining them for use.
2. It involves various steps such as concentration, reduction, and refining.
3. Different metals require different methods based on their reactivity and ore composition.

2.

1. Introduction to Industrial Chemistry

1. Industrial Chemistry deals with the large-scale production of chemical compounds.
2. It plays a crucial role in agriculture, medicine, and manufacturing industries.
3. Some of the most important processes include the Haber Process, Contact Process, and Solvay Process.

2.

1. Introduction to Waste Management

1. Waste management refers to the collection, transportation, disposal, or recycling of waste materials.
2. Proper waste management helps in reducing pollution, conserving resources, and protecting the environment.
3. Waste can be categorized based on origin, composition, and environmental impact.

2.

1.

1.

1. Introduction to Pollution

1. Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the environment.
2. These harmful substances are called pollutants, which can be natural or man-made.
3. Major types of pollution include air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution.
4. Pollution affects human health, biodiversity, and climate.

2.

1. Introduction to Chemicals in Food

1. Chemicals in food are added to enhance flavor, texture, shelf life, and nutritional value.
2. Common food chemicals include preservatives, sweeteners, antioxidants, emulsifiers, and stabilizers.
3. These chemicals must be safe, non-toxic, and approved by regulatory bodies like the FDA and FSSAI.

2.