Conservation of energy, power

  1. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
  2. In an isolated system with no external forces, the total energy remains constant.
  3. Mechanical energy, the sum of kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy (PE), is conserved in systems with no non-conservative forces like friction.
  4. In real-world systems, some energy is converted into heat or other non-mechanical forms due to dissipative forces.

Work-energy theorem, types of energy (kinetic, potential, etc.)

  1. The Work-Energy Theorem states that the work done by all forces acting on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.
  2. The mathematical expression for the Work-Energy Theorem is W = ΔKE, where W is work and ΔKE is the change in kinetic energy.
  3. Kinetic Energy (KE) is the energy of an object due to its motion, given by KE = ½ mv², where m is mass and v is velocity.
  4. Potential Energy (PE) is the energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration.
  5. The formula for gravi

Definitions and units

  1. Work is done when a force is applied to an object, and the object moves in the direction of the applied force.
  2. The mathematical formula for work is W = F × d × cos(θ), where F is the force, d is the displacement, and θ is the angle between the force and displacement.
  3. The SI unit of work is the joule (J), where 1 joule = 1 newton × 1 meter.
  4. Positive work occurs when the force and displacement are in the same direction.
  5. Negative work occurs when the force

Force, friction, and types of friction

  1. Force is a vector quantity that can change the state of motion or shape of an object.
  2. The SI unit of force is the newton (N).
  3. Force is classified into contact forces (e.g., friction, tension) and non-contact forces (e.g., gravitational, electrostatic).
  4. Friction is the resisting force that opposes the motion or tendency of motion between two surfaces in contact.
  5. The direction of frictional force is always opposite to the direction of moti

Inertia, momentum, and conservation of momentum

  1. Inertia is the property of an object to resist changes in its state of motion or rest.
  2. The First Law of Motion, also called the Law of Inertia, states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
  3. The Second Law of Motion states that the force acting on an object is directly proportional to the mass and acceleration, i.e., F = ma.
  4. The Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
  5. Moment

Challenges in achieving sustainable development

  1. Resource Scarcity: Limited availability of natural resources poses a major challenge to sustainable development.
  2. Population Growth: Rapidly increasing population strains resources and infrastructure.
  3. Poverty: Persistent poverty hinders access to education, healthcare, and sustainable livelihoods.
  4. Climate Change: Global warming and its impacts disrupt ecosystems and economies.
  5. Urbanization: Rapid urban growth leads to unplanned development and environmental degradation.

Role of the United Nations and SDGs

  1. The United Nations (UN) plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable development globally.
  2. The concept of sustainability was emphasized in the 1987 Brundtland Report, initiated by the UN.
  3. The Rio Earth Summit (1992) established Agenda 21, a comprehensive plan for sustainable development.
  4. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (2000–2015) laid the foundation for addressing global challenges.
  5. In 2015, the UN adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, introducin

Definition and principles

  1. Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
  2. It focuses on achieving a balance between economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity.
  3. The concept of sustainable development was popularized by the Brundtland Report in 1987, also known as "Our Common Future."
  4. It aims to ensure the responsible use of natural resources to avoid depletion.

Wildlife trafficking and illegal trade

  1. Wildlife trafficking refers to the illegal trade, poaching, or smuggling of animals, plants, or their derivatives.
  2. This practice is driven by high demand for exotic pets, traditional medicines, and luxury items.
  3. It is one of the largest transnational organized crimes, alongside drugs, arms, and human trafficking.
  4. The trade targets species like tigers, elephants, rhinos, pangolins, and rare birds.
  5. Demand for ivory, rhino horns, and tiger parts fuels poaching activities worldwide.

Plastic pollution and microplastics

  1. Plastic pollution refers to the accumulation of plastic materials in the environment, harming ecosystems and wildlife.
  2. Plastics are primarily derived from petroleum-based products and are non-biodegradable.
  3. Single-use plastics, such as straws, bags, and packaging, are major contributors to plastic waste.
  4. Improper disposal and lack of effective waste management systems exacerbate the issue of plastic pollution.
  5. Microplastics are tiny plastic particles (<5mm) that resul