Basic Concepts

1.

System

1. A system refers to the part of the universe under study or observation.
2. The boundaries of a system separate it from the surroundings.
3. Systems are classified based on the type of exchanges that occur across their boundaries.
4. Examples of systems include a gas in a cylinder, a chemical reaction in a flask, or a biological cell.
5. A system is defined in terms of its properties such as temperature, pressure, volume, and composition.

Surroundings

1. The surroundings