Surface tension, capillary action, applicationsSurface tension is the property of a liquid's surface to resist external forces and minimize its surface area.It is caused by the cohesive forces between liquid molecules, which are stronger at the…
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocityViscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, caused by internal friction between fluid layers.Fluids with higher viscosity flow more slowly, while those with lower viscosity flow more…
Bernoulli’s theorem and its applicationsBernoulli’s Theorem is a fundamental principle in fluid dynamics, stating that the total mechanical energy of an incompressible and non-viscous fluid remains constant along a streamline.The…
Pressure in fluids, Pascal's law, hydraulic machinesPressure in a fluid is defined as the force exerted per unit area by the fluid on the walls of its container or any object in the fluid.The formula for pressure is: P = F/A, where P is pressure, F is…
Properties of fluids, buoyancy, and Archimedes' principleFluids are substances that can flow and take the shape of their container, including liquids and gases.Density (ρ) is the mass per unit volume of a fluid, given by the formula ρ = m/V, where m is…
Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, and shear modulusElasticity is the property of a material to regain its original shape and size when the deforming force is removed.The elastic modulus quantifies a material's ability to resist deformation under…
Stress and strain, Hooke's lawElasticity is the property of a material to return to its original shape and size after the removal of an external force.Stress is defined as the internal restoring force per unit area induced in a…
Plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate (introduction)Matter exists in five states: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC).Plasma is often referred to as the fourth state of matter, distinct from solid, liquid, and gas.The Bose-…
Solid, liquid, and gas: properties and characteristicsMatter exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas.Solids have a definite shape and volume due to strong intermolecular forces.Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their…