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- Surface tension is the property of a liquid's surface to resist external forces and minimize its surface area.
- It is caused by the cohesive forces between liquid molecules, which are stronger at the surface.
- The SI unit of surface tension is newton per meter (N/m).
- Surface tension enables the formation of spherical droplets in liquids like water and mercury.
- Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without external forces like gravity.
- It occurs due to
- Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, caused by internal friction between fluid layers.
- Fluids with higher viscosity flow more slowly, while those with lower viscosity flow more freely.
- The SI unit of viscosity is the pascal-second (Pa·s), and the CGS unit is the poise.
- Newtonian fluids obey Newton’s law of viscosity, where shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.
- Non-Newtonian fluids do not follow Newton’s law
- Bernoulli’s Theorem is a fundamental principle in fluid dynamics, stating that the total mechanical energy of an incompressible and non-viscous fluid remains constant along a streamline.
- The mathematical expression for Bernoulli’s equation is: P + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant, where:
- P is the pressure energy per unit volume.
- ½ρv² is the kinetic energy per unit volume.
- ρgh is the potential energy per unit volume.
- Bernoulli’s equation
- Pressure in a fluid is defined as the force exerted per unit area by the fluid on the walls of its container or any object in the fluid.
- The formula for pressure is: P = F/A, where P is pressure, F is force, and A is area.
- The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1 N/m².
- In a static fluid, pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the overlying fluid, given by P = ρgh, w
- Fluids are substances that can flow and take the shape of their container, including liquids and gases.
- Density (ρ) is the mass per unit volume of a fluid, given by the formula ρ = m/V, where m is mass and V is volume.
- The SI unit of density is kg/m³.
- Pressure (P) is defined as the force exerted per unit area, expressed as P = F/A, where F is force and A is area.
- The SI
- Elasticity is the property of a material to regain its original shape and size when the deforming force is removed.
- The elastic modulus quantifies a material's ability to resist deformation under stress.
- There are three primary types of elastic moduli: Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, and shear modulus.
- Young’s modulus (Y) measures the elasticity of a material under tensile or compressive stress.
- The formula for Young’s modulus
- Elasticity is the property of a material to return to its original shape and size after the removal of an external force.
- Stress is defined as the internal restoring force per unit area induced in a material when subjected to an external force.
- The formula for stress is: Stress = Force / Area, and its unit is Pascals (Pa).
- Strain is the measure of the deformation of a material, defined as the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension.
- There
- Matter exists in five states: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC).
- Plasma is often referred to as the fourth state of matter, distinct from solid, liquid, and gas.
- The Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is known as the fifth state of matter, discovered in 1995.
- Plasma is a hot, ionized gas where atoms lose electrons, creating a mixture of ions and free electrons.
- Plasma forms at extremely high temperatures, where t
- Matter exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas.
- Solids have a definite shape and volume due to strong intermolecular forces.
- Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container.
- Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume and expand to fill their container.
- The particles in solids are closely packed and have limited movement, resulting in a rigid structure.
- Liquids