Structure and functioning

1. Introduction

1. The 73rd Amendment Act of 1992 provided a constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj system.
2. It added a new Part IX to the Constitution, titled "The Panchayats", and Article 243 to 243O.
3. The amendment came into effect on April 24, 1993.

2. Structure of Panchayati Raj

1. Introduced a three-tier system of local governance at the village, intermediate, and district levels.
2. The structure includes:
   • Gram Panchayat at the village level.
   • Panchayat Samiti at the intermediate level.
   • Zilla Parishad at the district level.
3. The intermediate level is optional for states with a population below 20 lakh.

3. Composition

1. Members are elected directly by the people at all levels.
2. The Chairpersons of the Panchayats are elected as per state legislation.
3. Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and women (not less than 33%).

4. Functions of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)

1. Preparation of plans for economic development and social justice.
2. Implementation of schemes related to agriculture, health, education, rural development, and more.
3. Responsibility for ensuring proper use of local resources and addressing local issues.

5. Powers and Authority

1. Empowered to levy and collect taxes, duties, and fees.
2. States are required to transfer powers, responsibilities, and funds to PRIs as per the 11th Schedule.
3. Functions assigned include irrigation, drinking water, roads, housing, education, and more.

6. Finance

1. Introduction of the State Finance Commission (SFC) to recommend financial allocations to Panchayats.
2. Panchayats receive funds from state governments, central government schemes, and local taxes.
3. The 15th Finance Commission emphasized improving funding for PRIs.

7. Gram Sabha

1. The Gram Sabha includes all eligible voters in a village.
2. It is the foundation of the Panchayati Raj system and oversees the functioning of the Gram Panchayat.
3. Discusses and approves development plans and audits Panchayat accounts.

8. Significance

1. Empowered rural citizens through grassroots democracy.
2. Promoted inclusive development with the involvement of marginalized communities.
3. Enhanced transparency and accountability in rural governance.

9. Challenges

1. Inadequate devolution of funds, functions, and functionaries to PRIs.
2. Lack of capacity building and training for Panchayat members.
3. Prevalence of political interference and lack of financial independence.
4. Limited awareness among citizens about the role of PRIs.

10. Conclusion

The 73rd Amendment strengthened grassroots democracy by institutionalizing the Panchayati Raj system. It is a significant step toward achieving decentralized governance and empowering rural India. Addressing challenges and ensuring the effective functioning of PRIs are crucial for holistic rural development.