Local Governance

1. Inadequate financial resources: Local bodies often lack sufficient funds to implement developmental programs effectively.
2. Dependence on state governments: Local bodies heavily rely on state government grants, undermining their autonomy.
3. Limited devolution of powers: Many state governments are reluctant to transfer sufficient power to local governments.
4. Political interference: Local governance is often affected by undue political intervention, leading to inefficiency and corruption.

1. Introduction

1. The 74th Amendment Act, enacted in 1992, provides a constitutional framework for Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
2. Introduced Part IXA in the Constitution, covering Articles 243P to 243ZG.
3. Aimed to ensure democratic decentralization in urban governance.

2.

1. Introduction

1. The Gram Sabha is the cornerstone of the Panchayati Raj System, introduced by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.
2. Defined under Article 243A of the Constitution.
3. It comprises all registered voters in a village or a group of villages.

2.

1. Introduction

1. The 73rd Amendment Act of 1992 provided a constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj system.
2. It added a new Part IX to the Constitution, titled "The Panchayats", and Article 243 to 243O.
3. The amendment came into effect on April 24, 1993.

2.