Applications in everyday life (e.g., anti-reflective coatings)Anti-Reflective CoatingsAnti-reflective coatings reduce glare by minimizing reflection from surfaces like glasses and lenses.They use the principle of destructive interference to cancel out reflected…
Interference, diffraction, and polarizationInterferenceInterference occurs when two or more waves overlap, resulting in a new wave pattern.It can be constructive (amplitudes add) or destructive (amplitudes subtract).The condition for…
Primary and secondary colors of lightPrimary Colors of LightPrimary colors of light are red, green, and blue (RGB).These colors are called primary because they cannot be produced by combining other colors of light.When combined in equal…
Scattering of light, Tyndall effect, blue sky, and red sunsetScattering of LightScattering of light occurs when light interacts with particles in a medium and is deflected in different directions.The intensity of scattered light depends on the wavelength of…
Dispersion of light through a prism, visible spectrumDispersion of LightDispersion is the phenomenon where white light splits into its constituent colors when it passes through a prism.It occurs due to the variation in the refractive index of the…
Human eye, microscope, telescope, and their workingsHuman EyeThe human eye is a natural optical instrument that enables vision.It consists of components like the cornea, lens, retina, iris, and optic nerve.The lens focuses light onto the retina, where…
Lens formula, mirror formula, and magnificationLens FormulaThe lens formula is given by 1/f = 1/v - 1/u, where:f: Focal length of the lensv: Image distanceu: Object distanceThis formula is applicable for both convex and concave lenses.The sign…
Lenses and mirrors: convex, concave, and plane mirrorsBasics of MirrorsA mirror is a reflective surface that forms images by reflecting light.Plane mirrors produce upright, virtual images with the same size as the object.Curved mirrors are classified as…
Speed of light in different mediaBasics of the Speed of LightThe speed of light in a vacuum is the fastest possible speed in the universe, approximately 3 × 10⁸ m/s.In any other medium, light travels slower than it does in a vacuum…
Reflection and refraction of light, laws and principlesReflection of LightReflection is the phenomenon where light bounces back from a surface.The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence (i) is equal to the angle of reflection (r).Reflection…