Indian Polity and Governance

Introduction

1. Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution and are essential for ensuring justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
2. They act as limitations on the power of the state and provide a framework for individual freedom and dignity.
3. Fundamental Rights are enforceable by the courts, and any violation can be challenged through legal remedies.

1.

Introduction

1. Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution, spanning Articles 12 to 35.
2. They are essential for the development and dignity of individuals.
3. These rights guarantee civil liberties, ensuring that citizens can lead their lives in peace and harmony.
4. Inspired by the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution and other global human rights principles.

Definition of Fundamental Rights

1. Fundamental Rights are the

Introduction

1. The concepts of Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) and Person of Indian Origin (PIO) were introduced to strengthen ties with the Indian diaspora.
2. These provisions aim to provide a sense of belonging and facilitate economic and cultural connections with India.
3. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003, introduced OCI, while PIO was introduced earlier under a separate scheme.

Overseas Citizen of India (OCI)

1. OCI was introduced through the Citi

Introduction

1. The Citizenship Act, 1955 provides the legal framework for acquiring, determining, and terminating Indian citizenship.
2. Enacted under the provisions of Article 11 of the Indian Constitution, which empowers Parliament to regulate citizenship by law.
3. It establishes rules for acquisition, termination, and deprivation of citizenship.

Provisions for Acquisition of Citizenship

1. Indian citizenship can be acquired by the following methods:

Introduction

1. The bifurcation of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) in 2019 was a significant development in India's political landscape.
2. On August 5, 2019, the Government of India abrogated Article 370, which granted special status to Jammu & Kashmir.
3. The state was reorganized into two Union Territories (UTs): Jammu & Kashmir (with a legislature) and Ladakh (without a legislature).

Key Provisions of Article 370

1. Article 370

Introduction

1. The States Reorganization Act, 1956, is a landmark legislation in Indian history that reorganized the states of India based on linguistic lines.
2. It came into effect on November 1, 1956, marking a significant step toward addressing regional and linguistic aspirations.
3. The Act was based on the recommendations of the States Reorganization Commission (SRC).

Background

1. After independence, India inherited a mix of British provinces and pri

Introduction

1. The Indian Constitution outlines the structure of the Union and its territory in Articles 1–4.
2. These articles define the territorial composition of India, the admission of new states, and the reorganization of states and territories.
3. They ensure the unity and integrity of the Indian nation while allowing flexibility for territorial adjustments.

Article 1: Name and Territory of the Union

1. Declares India as a Union of States.

Introduction

1. The Basic Structure Doctrine is a judicial principle that prevents amendments that can alter the fundamental essence of the Indian Constitution.
2. It ensures the Constitution’s supremacy and safeguards its core principles from arbitrary changes.
3. This doctrine was established by the Supreme Court of India in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case (1973).

Origin of the Doctrine

1. First hinted at in the Sajjan Singh case (1965), where some judges ex

Introduction

1. The Indian Constitution has undergone several amendments to adapt to changing political, social, and economic conditions.
2. Landmark amendments such as the 42nd, 44th, 73rd, 74th, and 101st Amendments have significantly impacted India's governance.
3. These amendments address areas like the basic structure, democracy at the grassroots, and economic reforms.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

1. Known as the "Mini-Constitution" due to its extensive changes.
2. Added the terms "Socialist," "Secular