Articles 36–51: Classification (Socialistic, Gandhian, Liberal)

Introduction

1. The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are enshrined in Part IV of the Constitution (Articles 36–51).
2. DPSPs aim to establish a framework for a welfare state by guiding the state in formulating policies.
3. Although they are non-justiciable, DPSPs are fundamental in the governance of the country.
4. DPSPs can be classified into three categories: Socialistic, Gandhian, and Liberal-Intellectual.

Socialistic Principles

1. These principles reflect the idea of social and economic justice.
2. They aim to reduce inequalities in income, wealth, and opportunities.
3. Key Articles under this category:
   • Article 38: Promotes welfare of the people by securing social, economic, and political justice.
   • Article 39: Directs the state to ensure:
     • Adequate means of livelihood for all citizens.
     • Equitable distribution of material resources.
     • Prevention of concentration of wealth.
   • Article 41: Secures the right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, and sickness.
   • Article 42: Provisions for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
   • Article 43: Ensures a living wage for workers and promotes cottage industries.
   • Article 47: Directs the state to improve public health and raise the level of nutrition.

Gandhian Principles

1. These principles are based on the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi and focus on rural development and self-reliance.
2. They emphasize the importance of the village economy and the welfare of weaker sections.
3. Key Articles under this category:
   • Article 40: Directs the state to organize village panchayats and empower them to function as units of self-government.
   • Article 43: Promotes cottage industries in rural areas.
   • Article 46: Promotes the educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and other weaker sections.
   • Article 47: Prohibits the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs harmful to health.
   • Article 48: Organizes agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines while prohibiting the slaughter of cows and calves.

Liberal-Intellectual Principles

1. These principles emphasize individual liberty and ideals of a liberal polity.
2. They focus on fostering international peace and improving the quality of governance.
3. Key Articles under this category:
   • Article 44: Directs the state to secure a Uniform Civil Code for citizens.
   • Article 45: Provides for free and compulsory education for children (later modified to Article 21A).
   • Article 48: Promotes modern agriculture and animal husbandry practices.
   • Article 48A: Protects and improves the environment and safeguards forests and wildlife.
   • Article 49: Protects monuments and places of national importance.
   • Article 50: Separates the judiciary from the executive in public services.
   • Article 51: Promotes international peace and security.

Significance of DPSPs

1. Provide a framework for the state to implement policies aimed at achieving social justice.
2. Complement and supplement the Fundamental Rights.
3. Serve as a guide for judicial interpretations and constitutional amendments.
4. Help establish a welfare state by promoting the socio-economic development of all citizens.

Conclusion

The classification of DPSPs into Socialistic, Gandhian, and Liberal principles highlights the multi-faceted approach to achieving the goals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. While they are not enforceable in courts, their importance in guiding state policy and governance is undeniable.