1. A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which energy and nutrients flow in an ecosystem.
2. Food chains start with producers, such as plants, which convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
3. Producers are followed by primary consumers (herbivores), which feed directly on plants.
4. Secondary consumers (carnivores) feed on primary consumers.
5. Tertiary consumers are top predators that feed on secondary consumers.
6. Each step in a food c

1. Ecosystems perform essential functions that sustain life on Earth.
2. Two primary functions of ecosystems are energy flow and nutrient cycling.
3. Energy flow refers to the transfer of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem.
4. Nutrient cycling involves the recycling of elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus within the ecosystem.
5. Energy flow in an ecosystem is unidirectional, moving from the sun to producers and then to consumers and deco

1. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment.
2. The term "ecosystem" was first introduced by A.G.

1. The environment and society share a dynamic and interdependent relationship.
2. Society depends on the environment for resources such as water, air, food, and energy.
3. The environment influences human behavior, cultural development, and economic activities.
4. Human activities, in turn, significantly impact the natural environment.
5. The concept of sustainable development emphasizes a balance between societal needs and environmental conservation.
6. Environm

1. The environment consists of two primary components: biotic and abiotic.
2. Biotic components refer to all living organisms in the environment.
3. Abiotic components include non-living physical and chemical factors.
4. The interaction between biotic and abiotic components forms ecosystems.
5. Biotic factors are categorized into producers, consumers, and decomposers.
6. Producers (autotrophs) synthesize their own food using sunli

1. Environmental Science is inherently interdisciplinary, combining multiple fields of study.
2. It draws from natural sciences like biology, chemistry, physics, and geology.
3. Includes aspects of social sciences such as sociology, economics, and political science.
4. Focuses on the interaction between humans and the environment.
5. Bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical applicati

1. Environmental Science is the study of interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment.
2. It integrates knowledge from various disciplines like biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and social sciences.
3. The focus is on understanding the natural processes and their interrelations.
4. It aims to address issues like pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss.
5. The sc

1. Introduction

1. Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security.
2. Unlike traditional currencies, cryptocurrencies operate on a decentralized network using blockchain technology.
3. Bitcoin, introduced in 2009, was the first cryptocurrency and remains the most well-known.
4. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) that ensures transparency and security through immutable records.

2.

1. Introduction

1. A recession refers to a significant decline in economic activity across an economy, lasting for months or years.
2. Supply chain disruptions occur when there are interruptions in the production, distribution, or delivery of goods and services.
3. Both issues have been exacerbated by global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions, and natural disasters.

2.

1. Introduction

1. Atmanirbhar Bharat translates to "Self-Reliant India," a vision aimed at making India self-sufficient in critical sectors.
2. Launched in May 2020 by the Government of India during the COVID-19 pandemic.
3. Aims to boost domestic manufacturing, infrastructure, and innovation while reducing dependency on imports.

2.