Thermodynamics

1. Law of Mass Action

1. The Law of Mass Action states that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants raised to their respective stoichiometric coefficients.
2. For a reversible reaction: aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD, the equilibrium expression is: 

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1. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

1. The Zeroth Law establishes the concept of thermal equilibrium.
2. If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
3. It provides the foundation for the measurement of temperature.
4. Temperature is a property that determines whether systems are in thermal equilibrium.
5. This law is fundamental to the design of thermometers.

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System

1. A system refers to the part of the universe under study or observation.
2. The boundaries of a system separate it from the surroundings.
3. Systems are classified based on the type of exchanges that occur across their boundaries.
4. Examples of systems include a gas in a cylinder, a chemical reaction in a flask, or a biological cell.
5. A system is defined in terms of its properties such as temperature, pressure, volume, and composition.

Surroundings

1. The surroundings