Indian Polity and Governance

1.

1. Overview

1. The independence of the judiciary is a cornerstone of Indian democracy, ensuring fair and impartial justice.
2. It guarantees that the judiciary operates free from the influence of the executive, legislature, and any external pressures.
3. This principle is critical to maintaining the rule of law and protecting fundamental rights.

2.

1. Overview of the Indian Judiciary

1. The Indian judiciary is a single integrated judicial system established by the Constitution of India.
2. It follows a three-tier structure: the Supreme Court, High Courts, and Subordinate Courts.
3. The judiciary is independent and acts as the guardian of the Constitution.

2.

1. Introduction to Budget

1. The Union Budget, also known as the Annual Financial Statement, is presented under Article 112 of the Constitution.
2. It outlines the government's estimated receipts and expenditures for a financial year (April 1 to March 31).
3. The Budget is a crucial instrument of fiscal policy.
4. Prepared by the Ministry of Finance, it is presented by the Finance Minister.

2.

1. Sessions of Parliament

1. The President of India summons and prorogues the sessions of Parliament (Article 85).
2. There are three major sessions each year: Budget Session (February to May), Monsoon Session (July to September), and Winter Session (November to December).
3. The gap between two sessions must not exceed six months.
4. The first sitting of each session includes the President's address to the joint session (Article 87).

2.

1.

Introduction

1. The Parliament of India is a bicameral legislature consisting of two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
2. It is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India.
3. Parliament operates under the framework of the Constitution of India.

1.

Introduction

1. The concept of collective responsibility and the cabinet system are key features of India's parliamentary democracy.
2. These principles ensure the unity and accountability of the executive to the legislature.

1.

Introduction

1. The Prime Minister (PM) is the head of the government in India and holds the most significant position in the country's political structure.
2. The PM is the chief advisor to the President and the leader of the Council of Ministers.

1.

Introduction

1. The Vice President of India and the Vice President of the United States are important constitutional positions in their respective countries.
2. While both roles have similarities, they differ significantly in powers, functions, and the scope of their responsibilities.

1.