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1. Introduction
- The Genetic Code is a set of rules that defines how sequences of nucleotides in DNA and RNA are translated into proteins.
- Mutations are sudden changes in the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that can be inherited.
- Mutations can be caused by errors in replication, environmental factors, or radiation.
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1. Introduction
- Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited from one generation to another.
- The Molecular Basis of Inheritance focuses on DNA, RNA, and the processes of replication, transcription, and translation.
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the genetic material in most organisms.
- RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.
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1. Introduction
- Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in organisms.
- Linkage and crossing over explain how genes are inherited together or separated during meiosis.
- Polygenic inheritance describes traits controlled by multiple genes, leading to a wide range of phenotypic variations.
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1. Introduction
- Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation.
- Heredity refers to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
- Variation is the difference in traits among individuals of a species.
- Gregor Mendel, known as the "Father of Genetics," conducted experiments on pea plants to understand inheritance.
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1. Introduction
- Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
- It plays a crucial role in growth, development, reproduction, and tissue repair.
- The two main types of cell division are Mitosis and Meiosis.
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1. Introduction
- Cell organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
- They can be classified as membrane-bound (mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus) or non-membranous (ribosomes).
- Each organelle plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular functions like energy production, protein synthesis, and transport.
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1. Introduction
- A cell is the fundamental unit of life.
- The study of cells is called Cell Biology.
- Cells contain various organelles that perform specific functions.
- Key structures in plant and some bacterial cells include the Cell Wall, Plasma Membrane, Nucleus, Chloroplasts, and Vacuoles.
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1. Introduction
- A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
- The study of cells is known as Cell Biology.
- Cells can be classified into Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells based on their structure.
- Plant cells have unique structures such as a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
2. Prokaryotic vs.
1. Introduction
- Angiosperms are the most advanced and diverse group of plants.
- They are also known as flowering plants because they produce flowers.
- Angiosperms are characterized by enclosed seeds inside a fruit.
- They belong to the division Angiospermae under the kingdom Plantae.
- They are found in almost all habitats, including land, water, and extreme conditions.
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1. Introduction
- Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants where seeds are not enclosed within a fruit.
- The term "Gymnosperm" means "naked seed" in Greek.
- They are vascular plants with well-developed xylem and phloem.
- Common examples include Pine, Cycas, Ginkgo, and Ephedra.
- Most gymnosperms are woody perennials and include large trees.
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