Botany

1. Introduction to Environmental Conservation

1. Environmental conservation refers to protecting and preserving natural resources to maintain ecological balance.
2. It involves sustainable practices, pollution control, and restoring degraded ecosystems.
3. Plants play a crucial role in reducing pollution by purifying air, water, and soil.

2. Conservation Methods

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1. Introduction to Environmental Pollution

1. Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment, affecting air, water, and soil.
2. Caused by natural (volcanic eruptions, wildfires) and anthropogenic (human activities) sources.
3. Leads to environmental degradation and affects plants, animals, and humans.

2. Types of Pollution

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1. Introduction to Ecosystems

1. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment.
2. It consists of biotic components (living organisms) and abiotic components (non-living factors like air, water, and soil).
3. Ecosystems are classified into natural and artificial ecosystems.

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1. Introduction to Ecosystems

1. An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature that includes both biotic (living organisms) and abiotic (non-living components) factors.
2. It involves interactions between organisms and their environment.
3. Ecosystems can be classified as natural (forests, lakes) or artificial (aquariums, croplands).

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1. Introduction to Evolution

1. Evolution is the gradual change in the characteristics of organisms over generations.
2. It explains the diversity of life and how new species arise.
3. Key factors driving evolution include genetic variations, mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and environmental influences.
4. Two major theories of evolution are Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection and the Modern Synthetic Theory.

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1. Introduction to Evolution

1. Evolution refers to the gradual change in the characteristics of organisms over generations.
2. It explains the diversity of life on Earth.
3. Evolution occurs due to genetic variations, mutations, natural selection, and environmental factors.
4. The study of evolution is based on fossil records, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and embryology.

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1. Introduction

1. The Genetic Code is a set of rules that defines how sequences of nucleotides in DNA and RNA are translated into proteins.
2. Mutations are sudden changes in the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that can be inherited.
3. Mutations can be caused by errors in replication, environmental factors, or radiation.

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1. Introduction

1. Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited from one generation to another.
2. The Molecular Basis of Inheritance focuses on DNA, RNA, and the processes of replication, transcription, and translation.
3. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the genetic material in most organisms.
4. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.

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1. Introduction

1. Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in organisms.
2. Linkage and crossing over explain how genes are inherited together or separated during meiosis.
3. Polygenic inheritance describes traits controlled by multiple genes, leading to a wide range of phenotypic variations.

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1. Introduction

1. Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation.
2. Heredity refers to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
3. Variation is the difference in traits among individuals of a species.
4. Gregor Mendel, known as the "Father of Genetics," conducted experiments on pea plants to understand inheritance.

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