1. Introduction to Catalysts

1. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
2. Catalysts provide an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy.
3. They do not alter the equilibrium position of a reversible reaction.
4. Catalysts are classified as homogeneous (same phase as reactants) or heterogeneous (different phase).

2.

1. Introduction to Activation Energy

1. Activation energy (Ea) is the minimum energy required for reactants to form products.
2. It is a crucial concept in understanding how reactions proceed at the molecular level.
3. Reactions with lower activation energy occur more quickly than those with higher activation energy.
4. Transition state: Reactants must pass through a high-energy intermediate state before converting to products.

2.

1. Introduction to Chemical Kinetics

1. Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that studies the rate of chemical reactions and the factors affecting them.
2. The rate of reaction refers to the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time.
3. It helps in understanding the mechanism of chemical processes.

2.

1. Introduction to Batteries

1. A battery is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
2. Batteries are classified as primary (non-rechargeable) or secondary (rechargeable).
3. They consist of two electrodes (anode and cathode) and an electrolyte for ionic conduction.

2.

1. Electrolysis is a process where electrical energy is used to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
2. Occurs in an electrolytic cell, which consists of two electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution.
3. The anode is the site of oxidation (loss of electrons), and the cathode is the site of reduction (gain of electrons).

2.

1. Introduction to Electrochemical Cells

1. Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa.
2. They are classified into two types: Galvanic cells (voltaic cells) and electrolytic cells.
3. In both types, redox reactions occur, involving electron transfer.

2.

1. Introduction to Redox Reactions

1. Redox reactions involve both oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons).
2. The term oxidation originally referred to the addition of oxygen, while reduction referred to the removal of oxygen.
3. Modern definitions are based on the transfer of electrons.

2.

1.

1.

1.