1. Definition of Polymers

1. Polymers are large molecules made by repeating structural units called monomers.
2. The process of forming polymers from monomers is called polymerization.
3. Polymers can be natural (e.g., rubber, proteins) or synthetic (e.g., plastics).

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1. Introduction to Hydrocarbons

1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
2. They are classified into three main types:
   • Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds only.
   • Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds.
   • Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more triple bonds.

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1. What is Isomerism?

1. Isomerism is the phenomenon in which two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural or spatial arrangements.
2. Isomers have distinct physical and chemical properties despite having the same formula.
3. The main types of isomerism are:
   • Structural Isomerism
   • Stereoisomerism

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1. What are Colligative Properties?

1. Colligative properties depend only on the number of solute particles in a solution, not their nature.
2. The four main colligative properties are:
   • Relative lowering of vapor pressure
   • Boiling point elevation
   • Freezing point depression
   • Osmotic pressure

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1. What are Solutions?

1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
2. The substance in larger quantity is called the solvent, and the one in smaller quantity is called the solute.
3. Solutions can exist in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas.

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1. What are Emulsions?

1. An emulsion is a type of colloid where two immiscible liquids are dispersed into each other.
2. One liquid acts as the dispersed phase, and the other acts as the dispersion medium.
3. Emulsions are stabilized by substances called emulsifying agents, such as soaps and detergents.

2. Types of Emulsions

1. Oil-in-water (O/W): Oil droplets are dispersed in water.

1. Introduction to Adsorption

1. Adsorption is the process where particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) from a substance accumulate on the surface of another substance.
2. The substance on which adsorption occurs is called the adsorbent.
3. The substance being adsorbed is called the adsorbate.
4. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon and differs from absorption, which involves penetration into the bulk.

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