1. Introduction to Photosynthesis

1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) using light energy.
2. It takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
3. The reaction is: 

1. Introduction to Photosynthesis

1. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants synthesize organic compounds using light energy.
2. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
3. The process involves the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).
4. The overall reaction is: 

1.

1. Introduction to Secondary Growth

1. Secondary growth refers to the increase in the girth (thickness) of a plant.
2. It occurs due to the activity of lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium.
3. Mostly found in dicotyledonous plants and gymnosperms; absent in monocots.

2.

1. Introduction

1. The stem and leaf are essential vegetative organs of plants.
2. Their internal structure helps in transport, photosynthesis, and support.
3. Both structures differ significantly in monocots and dicots.

2.

1. Introduction

1. The root is an essential organ of a plant that anchors it and absorbs water and minerals.
2. Roots are classified into monocot and dicot roots based on their internal structure.
3. Both types share common tissue layers but differ in arrangement of vascular bundles, pith, and cortex.

2.

1. Introduction

1. Plant morphology refers to the external structure of plants.
2. The three main vegetative organs are the root, stem, and leaf.
3. Roots anchor the plant, stems provide support, and leaves perform photosynthesis.

2.

1. Introduction to Permanent Tissues

1. Permanent tissue is derived from meristematic tissue and has lost its ability to divide.
2. It plays a vital role in providing support, transport, and storage in plants.
3. Permanent tissue is classified into simple and complex tissues.

2. Simple Permanent Tissue

Simple permanent tissues are made up of only one type of cell.

1. Introduction to Plant Tissues

1. A tissue is a group of cells with a common origin and function.
2. Plant tissues are classified into meristematic and permanent tissues.
3. Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells responsible for plant growth.

2.

1. Introduction to Fruits

1. A fruit is a matured and ripened ovary that contains seeds.
2. It develops after fertilization, although some fruits form without fertilization (called parthenocarpic fruits).
3. The primary function of fruits is to protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.

2.