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1. Introduction

1. Algae are simple, autotrophic, and aquatic photosynthetic organisms.
2. They lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
3. Found in freshwater, marine water, moist soil, and even extreme environments.
4. They reproduce by vegetative, asexual, and sexual methods.

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1. Introduction

1. Plant growth and development are influenced by environmental factors like light and temperature.
2. Photoperiodism is the response of plants to the duration of light and darkness.
3. Vernalization is the process of cold treatment to induce flowering in plants.
4. Both phenomena help plants adapt to seasonal changes and optimize reproduction.

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1.

1. Introduction

1. Mineral nutrition is the study of how plants absorb and utilize nutrients.
2. Plants require essential nutrients for growth, metabolism, and development.
3. Deficiency of any essential nutrient can cause physiological disorders.
4. Nutrients are classified into macronutrients and micronutrients.

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1. Introduction

1. Water is essential for plant growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient transport.
2. Plants absorb water through their roots and transport it to different parts.
3. Water movement in plants occurs via transpiration, ascent of sap, and transpiration pull.

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1. Introduction to Plant-Water Relations

1. Water plays a crucial role in plant growth, metabolism, and survival.
2. Water movement in plants occurs through physical processes like diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis.
3. These processes help in nutrient transport, cell expansion, and maintaining turgor pressure.

2.

1. Introduction to Cellular Respiration

1. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
2. It occurs in three main stages:
   • Glycolysis (Occurs in the cytoplasm)
   • Krebs Cycle (Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix)
   • Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane)

2.

1. Introduction to Respiration

1. Respiration is the biological process by which cells break down glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) to produce energy (ATP).
2. Occurs in all living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
3. The energy released is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
4. There are two main types of respiration:
   • Aerobic Respiration
   • Anaerobic Respiration

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