1. Introduction

  1. Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited from one generation to another.
  2. The Molecular Basis of Inheritance focuses on DNA, RNA, and the processes of replication, transcription, and translation.
  3. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the genetic material in most organisms.
  4. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) plays a crucial role in protein synthesis.

2.

1. Introduction

  1. Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in organisms.
  2. Linkage and crossing over explain how genes are inherited together or separated during meiosis.
  3. Polygenic inheritance describes traits controlled by multiple genes, leading to a wide range of phenotypic variations.

2.

1. Introduction

  1. Genetics is the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation.
  2. Heredity refers to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
  3. Variation is the difference in traits among individuals of a species.
  4. Gregor Mendel, known as the "Father of Genetics," conducted experiments on pea plants to understand inheritance.

2.

1. Introduction

  1. A cell is the fundamental unit of life.
  2. The study of cells is called Cell Biology.
  3. Cells contain various organelles that perform specific functions.
  4. Key structures in plant and some bacterial cells include the Cell Wall, Plasma Membrane, Nucleus, Chloroplasts, and Vacuoles.

2.

1. Introduction

  1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
  2. The study of cells is known as Cell Biology.
  3. Cells can be classified into Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells based on their structure.
  4. Plant cells have unique structures such as a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.

2. Prokaryotic vs.

1. Introduction

  1. Angiosperms are the most advanced and diverse group of plants.
  2. They are also known as flowering plants because they produce flowers.
  3. Angiosperms are characterized by enclosed seeds inside a fruit.
  4. They belong to the division Angiospermae under the kingdom Plantae.
  5. They are found in almost all habitats, including land, water, and extreme conditions.

2.

1. Introduction

  1. Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants where seeds are not enclosed within a fruit.
  2. The term "Gymnosperm" means "naked seed" in Greek.
  3. They are vascular plants with well-developed xylem and phloem.
  4. Common examples include Pine, Cycas, Ginkgo, and Ephedra.
  5. Most gymnosperms are woody perennials and include large trees.

2.

1. Introduction

  1. Pteridophytes are the first true land plants to develop vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).
  2. They are often called the "Botanical Amphibians" as they require water for fertilization.
  3. Commonly found in moist and shady places like forests, hillsides, and riverbanks.
  4. Examples include ferns, horsetails, and club mosses.
  5. The dominant phase in their life cycle is the sporophyte.

2.