Applications in daily life (e.g., railway tracks, bridges)General OverviewThermal expansion is the tendency of materials to expand or contract with changes in temperature.It is a crucial factor in the design of various structures and devices to prevent…
Coefficient of linear, area, and volume expansionGeneral OverviewThermal expansion refers to the increase in the size (length, area, or volume) of a material due to an increase in temperature.The extent of expansion depends on the material…
Expansion of solids, liquids, and gasesGeneral Concepts of Thermal ExpansionThermal expansion is the increase in the size (length, area, or volume) of a substance when its temperature is increased.It occurs due to an increase in the…
Heat engines, refrigerators, Carnot engineHeat EnginesA heat engine is a device that converts heat energy into mechanical work.It operates between a hot reservoir and a cold reservoir.The working principle is based on the First and Second…
Concepts of entropy, enthalpy, and internal energyEntropyEntropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.The symbol for entropy is S, and its SI unit is joules per kelvin (J/K).It quantifies the unavailability of a system's energy to…
Laws of thermodynamics: Zeroth, First, Second, and Third lawsZeroth Law of ThermodynamicsThe Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics defines the concept of thermal equilibrium.If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal…
Thermal conductivity and applicationsThermal conductivity is a material's ability to conduct heat.It is denoted by the symbol k or λ.The SI unit of thermal conductivity is watt per meter per kelvin (W/m·K).Fourier's Law describes heat…
Conduction, convection, radiationHeat transfer is the movement of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature.There are three primary modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and…
Heat capacity, specific heat, calorimetryHeat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1 degree Celsius or Kelvin.The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin (J/K).Specific heat capacity is…
Temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, KelvinTemperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems due to a temperature difference.There are three primary…