Botany

1. Introduction to Micropropagation

1. Micropropagation is a technique of rapid plant multiplication using tissue culture.
2. It allows for the production of genetically identical plants (clones).
3. Plays a crucial role in plant breeding, conservation, and commercial horticulture.

2.

1. Introduction to Tissue Culture

1. Tissue Culture is a technique of growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in a sterile nutrient medium.
2. It is based on the principle of totipotency, which means every plant cell has the potential to develop into a complete plant.
3. Uses a controlled environment with proper temperature, light, and nutrients.
4. Essential for rapid propagation, conservation, and genetic modifications.

2.

1. Introduction to Genetic Engineering in Agriculture

1. Genetic engineering involves modifying the DNA of crops to enhance desirable traits.
2. It is widely used in crop improvement, pest resistance, and stress tolerance.
3. Genetically modified (GM) crops are produced using Recombinant DNA Technology.
4. Aim: To enhance yield, resistance to pests, tolerance to drought, and nutritional value.

2.

1. Introduction to Genetic Engineering

1. Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism’s DNA using biotechnology.
2. It allows scientists to alter genes for improving traits in plants, animals, and microorganisms.
3. Used in agriculture, medicine, and industrial applications.

2.

1. Introduction to Plant Breeding

1. Plant breeding is the science of improving plant traits for human benefit.
2. It involves selection, hybridization, and genetic modification of plants.
3. Aims to develop high-yielding, disease-resistant, and climate-resilient crops.

2.

1. Introduction

1. Seed dormancy is a state in which seeds do not germinate even under favorable conditions.
2. It ensures the survival of seeds by preventing premature germination.
3. Dormancy helps seeds to remain viable during unfavorable environmental conditions.

2. Types of Seed Dormancy

1.

1. Introduction

1. Seed germination is the process by which a dormant seed develops into a seedling.
2. It is essential for the propagation and survival of plant species.
3. Dormancy is a condition where a viable seed fails to germinate even under favorable conditions.

2.

1. Introduction

1. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary transforms into a fruit.
2. This process ensures reproduction and dispersal of flowering plants.

2.

1.

1. Introduction to Tissue Culture

1. Tissue culture is a technique of growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in a sterile and controlled environment.
2. It is a form of asexual reproduction and helps in the rapid multiplication of plants.
3. The process is based on the principle of totipotency, which means that a single cell can develop into a whole plant.
4. It is widely used in agriculture, horticulture, and genetic research.

2.