Partition of India (1947)

  1. The Partition of India in 1947 led to the creation of two independent nations: India and Pakistan.
  2. It was the result of growing communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims during British rule.
  3. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League had divergent visions for India’s future.
  4. In 1940, the Muslim League, under Muhammad Ali Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate state for Muslims.
  5. The British

Revolutionary Movements

  1. The Revolutionary Movements aimed at ending British rule through armed struggle and radical methods.
  2. These movements emerged as a response to the perceived inadequacy of moderate and non-violent methods.
  3. The Indian National Army (INA) and other underground groups became symbols of this phase of nationalism.
  4. Prominent revolutionary organizations included the Anushilan Samiti and the Ghadar Party.
  5. In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempted to assa

Gandhian Era

  1. The Gandhian Era refers to the period in Indian history dominated by Mahatma Gandhi (1915–1947).
  2. Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 and soon became a key leader in the Indian nationalist movement.
  3. He introduced the philosophy of Satyagraha, which emphasized non-violent resistance to injustice.
  4. The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) marked Gandhi’s first significant involvement in Indian politics, supporting indigo farmers against exploitation.
  5. T

Partition of Bengal (1905)

  1. The Partition of Bengal was announced on July 19, 1905, by Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India.
  2. It came into effect on October 16, 1905.
  3. The partition divided Bengal into two provinces: East Bengal and West Bengal.
  4. East Bengal included Assam and had a majority of Muslim population.
  5. West Bengal consisted of Bihar and Orissa with a majority of Hindu population.
  6. The official reason given by the B

Formation of Indian National Congress (1885)

  1. The Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in 1885 as a platform to voice Indian aspirations under British rule.
  2. It was founded by A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant, to create a dialogue between Indians and the British government.
  3. The first session of the INC was held in Bombay from December 28–31, 1885.
  4. The session was presided over by W.C.

Socio-Religious Reform Movements

  1. The socio-religious reform movements in India arose as a response to the challenges posed by British rule and modernization.
  2. The aim was to reform social practices and revive India’s cultural and religious heritage.
  3. Leaders of these movements were influenced by Western ideas of rationalism, humanism, and liberalism.
  4. The Brahmo Samaj, founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828, was a pioneer in the reform movement.
  5. Raja Ram Mohan Roy advocated for the abolitio

Outcome and British Crown Rule

  1. The First War of Indian Independence (1857) marked a major turning point in Indian history, despite its failure.
  2. The immediate outcome was the dissolution of the East India Company and the transfer of power to the British Crown.
  3. The Government of India Act 1858 established direct British rule, with a Viceroy appointed to govern India.
  4. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India in 1858.
  5. The British adopted a policy of reconciliation towards Indian princes and landlords to ensure their

Key Figures and Events

  1. The First War of Indian Independence began on May 10, 1857, in Meerut, triggered by grievances among Indian sepoys.
  2. Mangal Pandey, a sepoy in the Bengal Army, is remembered for sparking the rebellion at Barrackpore.
  3. The rebellion quickly spread to major regions such as Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, and Bareilly.
  4. In Delhi, the sepoys proclaimed Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, as the leader of the uprising.
  5. Nana Sahib, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, led the rebellion

Causes of the Rebellion

  1. The First War of Indian Independence, also known as the Revolt of 1857, had multifaceted causes spanning political, economic, social, and military domains.
  2. The annexation policies of the British, such as the Doctrine of Lapse implemented by Lord Dalhousie, angered many princely states.
  3. Key territories like Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur were annexed, undermining the authority of Indian rulers.
  4. The abolition of Mughal titles and the relocation of Bahadur Shah Zafar to Rangoon deeply

Socio-Economic Impact

  1. The British East India Company significantly altered the socio-economic fabric of India between 1757 and 1857.
  2. The introduction of Permanent Settlement (1793) under Lord Cornwallis transformed the traditional land revenue system.
  3. Zamindars were given ownership of land, reducing farmers to tenants and increasing exploitation.
  4. The Ryotwari System in Madras and Bombay and the Mahalwari System in North India also impacted agrarian communities.
  5. High revenue demands often led to peasant indebt