1. Introduction to Chemical Kinetics

1. Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that studies the rate of chemical reactions and the factors affecting them.
2. The rate of reaction refers to the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time.
3. It helps in understanding the mechanism of chemical processes.

2.

1. Introduction to Batteries

1. A battery is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
2. Batteries are classified as primary (non-rechargeable) or secondary (rechargeable).
3. They consist of two electrodes (anode and cathode) and an electrolyte for ionic conduction.

2.

1. Electrolysis is a process where electrical energy is used to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
2. Occurs in an electrolytic cell, which consists of two electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution.
3. The anode is the site of oxidation (loss of electrons), and the cathode is the site of reduction (gain of electrons).

2.

1. Introduction to Electrochemical Cells

1. Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa.
2. They are classified into two types: Galvanic cells (voltaic cells) and electrolytic cells.
3. In both types, redox reactions occur, involving electron transfer.

2.

1. Introduction to Redox Reactions

1. Redox reactions involve both oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons).
2. The term oxidation originally referred to the addition of oxygen, while reduction referred to the removal of oxygen.
3. Modern definitions are based on the transfer of electrons.

2.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1. Overview of Le Chatelier’s Principle

1. Le Chatelier’s Principle states that when a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature, the system adjusts itself to minimize the effect of the disturbance and restore a new equilibrium.
2. This principle helps predict the direction in which the equilibrium will shift in response to external changes.

2.