Human development index (HDI)

  1. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical tool used to measure a country's overall development.
  2. It was developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and introduced in the 1990 Human Development Report.
  3. HDI focuses on three main dimensions: health, education, and standard of living.
  4. The health dimension is measured by life expectancy at birth.
  5. The education dimension includes two indicators: mean years of s

Economic activities

  1. Economic activities refer to all human endeavors that produce goods, services, and income.
  2. They are classified into four main categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary activities.
  3. Primary activities involve the extraction and utilization of natural resources, such as farming, fishing, forestry, and mining.
  4. Secondary activities include manufacturing, processing, and construction, transforming raw materials into finished products.

Trade and transport

  1. Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between individuals, businesses, or countries.
  2. Domestic trade involves the exchange of goods within the boundaries of a country.
  3. International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between different countries.
  4. The balance of trade is the difference between the value of exports and imports of a country.
  5. A trade surplus occurs when exports exceed imports, while a trade deficit occurs when impor

Industries

  1. Industries are the economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacturing goods.
  2. They are classified into three types: primary, secondary, and tertiary industries.
  3. Primary industries involve extraction and harvesting of natural resources, such as mining, fishing, and agriculture.
  4. Secondary industries focus on manufacturing and construction, including factories producing goods from raw materials.
  5. Tertiary industries

Agriculture

  1. Agriculture is the primary sector of the economy and the backbone of many developing nations.
  2. It involves the cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock for food, fiber, and other products.
  3. Subsistence agriculture focuses on growing crops to meet the needs of the farmer's family.
  4. Commercial agriculture is practiced on a larger scale to sell products in markets for profit.
  5. The main types of agriculture include intensive farming, extensive farmi

Problems of urbanization

  1. Urbanization refers to the increasing population in urban areas due to migration and natural growth.
  2. It leads to the overburdening of infrastructure such as water supply, sewage, and electricity.
  3. Traffic congestion is a major issue in urban areas due to inadequate road networks and increasing vehicle numbers.
  4. Air pollution rises as a result of industrialization, transportation, and population density.
  5. Housing shortages often lead to the development of slums and informal

Urban planning and development

  1. Urban planning involves the design and regulation of land use and the built environment in cities and towns.
  2. Its goal is to create a functional, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing urban environment.
  3. Urban planning focuses on infrastructure, transportation, housing, and public spaces.
  4. The concept emerged during the Industrial Revolution to address urban challenges such as overcrowding and sanitation.
  5. Comprehensive planning is a long-term approach that integrates multiple aspects of u

Types of settlements

  1. Settlements are places where people establish a permanent or temporary residence.
  2. They are classified based on their size, shape, pattern, and function.
  3. The two primary types of settlements are rural and urban.
  4. Rural settlements are small and closely associated with agriculture and natural resources.
  5. Urban settlements are larger, with complex economic activities and infrastructure.
  6. Rural Settlements:
    • Typically found in

Urbanization

  1. Urbanization refers to the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in urban areas.
  2. It is a key aspect of human geography and population studies.
  3. The shift from rural to urban areas is often linked to industrialization and economic development.
  4. Urban areas are characterized by higher population density and infrastructure development compared to rural areas.
  5. Urbanization typically occurs in phases, beginning with industrial

Demographic transition model

  1. The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) explains the transition of population growth through different stages of economic development.
  2. The model is divided into five stages, each representing changes in birth rates, death rates, and overall population growth.
  3. The DTM is based on historical population trends in industrialized countries.
  4. Stage 1: High Stationary Stage
    • Characterized by high birth rates and high death rates.
    • Population