Physical features

  1. Earth's landmass is divided into seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.
  2. Asia is the largest continent, covering about 44.58 million square kilometers.
  3. The Himalayas, located in Asia, are the highest mountain range, featuring Mount Everest, the tallest peak.
  4. Africa is known for the Sahara Desert, the largest hot desert in the world.
  5. The Nile River, the longest river globally, flows

Agricultural challenges

  1. India faces significant water scarcity issues, impacting irrigation and crop production.
  2. The dependence on monsoon rains makes Indian agriculture highly vulnerable to climate variability.
  3. Fragmentation of landholdings due to inheritance laws leads to inefficient farming practices.
  4. Inadequate storage facilities result in significant post-harvest losses.
  5. Farmers often lack access to modern technology and machinery.
  6. Overuse of

Green revolution and its impact

  1. The Green Revolution was initiated in the mid-1960s to increase agricultural productivity in India.
  2. It was introduced during the Third Five-Year Plan to address food shortages and dependency on imports.
  3. The key architect of the Green Revolution in India was M.S.

Major crops

  1. India is one of the largest producers of agricultural crops in the world, contributing significantly to the global food supply.
  2. Rice is the staple food crop and is grown extensively in the states of West Bengal, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh.
  3. Wheat is the second most important cereal crop, predominantly grown in the northwestern plains.
  4. Millets, such as jowar, bajra,

Conservation efforts

  1. Conservation of natural vegetation and wildlife in India is crucial to maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance.
  2. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 provides the legal framework for the protection of plants and animals in India.
  3. Project Tiger, launched in 1973, aims to protect the Bengal tiger and its habitats.
  4. Project Elephant, initiated in 1992, focuses on the conservation of Asian elephants and their ecosystems.
  5. The National Wildlife Ac

Wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves

  1. India is home to a rich variety of wildlife due to its diverse ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, wetlands, and deserts.
  2. To protect and conserve its wildlife, India has established numerous Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, and Biosphere Reserves.
  3. Wildlife Sanctuaries are areas where animal habitats are protected, and human activities are regulated to avoid harm to wildlife.
  4. India has over 550 Wildlife Sanctuaries, including notable

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

  1. India has diverse forest types due to its varied climate, topography, and soil conditions.
  2. Forests in India are classified into six major types: Tropical Evergreen, Tropical Deciduous, Montane, Thorny, Littoral, and Swamp Forests.
  3. Tropical Evergreen Forests are found in regions with high rainfall, such as the Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands,

Climatic regions of India

  1. India has a diverse climate due to its vast size, varying topography, and geographical location.
  2. The classification of India's climatic regions is based on the Köppen Climate Classification.
  3. The major climatic regions of India include Tropical Rainforest, Tropical Savanna, Tropical Steppe, Tropical Desert, Humid Subtropical, Mountain, and Cold Desert.
  4. The Tropical Rainforest region is found in a

Seasons

  1. India experiences four distinct seasons due to its geographical location and climatic diversity.
  2. The main seasons in India are Winter, Summer, Monsoon, and Post-monsoon.
  3. Winter season lasts from December to February, characterized by low temperatures.
  4. The coldest month is usually January, with temperatures dropping below freezing in northern regions.
  5. During winter, the northern plains experience cold waves, while the coa

Monsoon

  1. The Indian monsoon is a seasonal wind system influencing the climate of the Indian subcontinent.
  2. Monsoon winds are caused by differential heating and cooling of land and sea.
  3. The two branches of the Indian monsoon are the Southwest Monsoon and the Northeast Monsoon.
  4. The Southwest Monsoon occurs from June to September and brings significant rainfall to most parts of India.
  5. The Northeast Monsoon occurs from October to December and primarily affects Tamil N