Government of India Act, 1919

1. The Government of India Act of 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, was a significant step towards constitutional development in India.
2. It introduced the concept of diarchy at the provincial level.
3. Under diarchy, provincial subjects were divided into two categories: Transferred and Reserved.
4. Transferred subjects were administered by ministers responsible to the legislative council, while reserved subjects were handled by the G

Indian Councils Act of 1861

1. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 marked a significant step in involving Indians in the legislative process for the first time.
2. It restored the power of legislative decentralization to the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.
3. The Act provided for the establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal, the North-Western Provinces, and Punjab.
4. It introduced the concept of a portfolio system, where each member of the council was assigned specific departments.

1. The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first step by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the East India Company in India.
2. It established the post of Governor-General of Bengal, with Warren Hastings being the first to hold the position.
3. It provided for a Supreme Court in Calcutta to administer justice.
4. The Act aimed to curb the corruption and mismanagement of the East India Company.
5. The Amending Act of 1781 clarified the powers and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and reduced c

1. The Indian Constitution is the supreme law of India, establishing the framework for political principles, procedures, and government powers.
2. It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly and adopted on November 26, 1949, coming into effect on January 26, 1950.
3. Indian Constitution is known for being a blend of the best features from other world constitutions.
4. From the Government of India Act, 1935, India adopted the federal scheme, office of the Governor, judiciary structure, and emergency provision

1. The term polity refers to the system of governance or political organization within a society.
2. It encompasses the structure, processes, and institutions of governance and decision-making.
3. Polity includes formal institutions like the government and informal structures like social organizations.
4. In the Indian context, polity focuses on the functioning of the democratic system as enshrined in the Constitution.
5. The scope of polity includes the study of political ideologies,

1. Environmental conservation refers to the sustainable management of natural resources to prevent exploitation and degradation.
2. It aims to protect ecosystems, preserve biodiversity, and ensure a sustainable future for human and non-human life.
3. Biodiversity conservation involves protecting species, habitats, and ecosystems.
4. Deforestation is a major issue, and afforestation and reforestation are key strategies for conservation.
5. Climate change mitigation is an essential aspec

1. Resource management involves the sustainable utilization and conservation of natural resources.
2. It aims to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.
3. Natural resources are categorized as renewable (solar, wind) and non-renewable (coal, oil).
4. Sustainable development is a core principle of resource management.
5. Water resource management focuses on addressing water scarcity and ensuring equitable distribution.
6. Integrated Water Re

1. Natural disasters are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors, leading to significant damage and loss.
2. They can be categorized as geological (earthquakes, volcanoes), hydrological (floods, tsunamis), and meteorological (cyclones, tornadoes).
3. An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, resulting in seismic waves.
4. Volcanic eruptions occur when magma from beneath the Earth's surface is expelled through vents.

1. The urban-rural divide refers to the disparities in resources, opportunities, and living standards between urban and rural areas.
2. Urban areas are characterized by high population density, better infrastructure, and access to modern amenities.
3. Rural areas often lack basic facilities like healthcare, education, and transportation.
4. Economic opportunities are more abundant in urban centers, leading to migration from rural areas.
5. The divide is evident in income levels, with u

1. Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation, and weather patterns caused by natural and human activities.
2. The main driver of climate change is the increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).
3. Human activities like fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrial processes are major contributors to GHG emissions.
4. Global warming, a key aspect of climate change, refers to the rise in Earth's average