1. Environmental Science is the study of interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment.
2. It integrates knowledge from various disciplines like biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and social sciences.
3. The focus is on understanding the natural processes and their interrelations.
4. It aims to address issues like pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss.
5. The sc

1. Introduction

1. Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security.
2. Unlike traditional currencies, cryptocurrencies operate on a decentralized network using blockchain technology.
3. Bitcoin, introduced in 2009, was the first cryptocurrency and remains the most well-known.
4. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) that ensures transparency and security through immutable records.

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1. Introduction

1. A recession refers to a significant decline in economic activity across an economy, lasting for months or years.
2. Supply chain disruptions occur when there are interruptions in the production, distribution, or delivery of goods and services.
3. Both issues have been exacerbated by global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions, and natural disasters.

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1. Introduction

1. Atmanirbhar Bharat translates to "Self-Reliant India," a vision aimed at making India self-sufficient in critical sectors.
2. Launched in May 2020 by the Government of India during the COVID-19 pandemic.
3. Aims to boost domestic manufacturing, infrastructure, and innovation while reducing dependency on imports.

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1. Overview of Economic Impact

1. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a severe global economic contraction, disrupting supply chains and reducing demand.
2. India's GDP shrank by 7.3% in FY 2020-21, highlighting the pandemic’s impact.
3. Sectors like hospitality, tourism, and aviation were hit hardest, while IT and e-commerce showed resilience.

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1. Overview of Circular Economy

1. A circular economy is a system focused on eliminating waste, continual use of resources, and creating a closed-loop system for sustainability.
2. It emphasizes the principles of reduce, reuse, recycle.
3. Aims to decouple economic growth from the consumption of finite resources.
4. Encourages designing products with longer lifespans and easy reparability.

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1. Overview

1. The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was launched by the Government of India in 2008 to address the challenges of climate change.
2. It focuses on sustainable development and balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability.
3. It includes eight national missions aimed at promoting understanding, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change impacts.

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