Wetlands

1. Wetlands are ecosystems where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life.
2. They include areas like marshes, swamps, bogs, and fens.
3. Freshwater wetlands are found inland, while coastal wetlands are influenced by tides and include salt marshes.
4. Wetlands are rich in biodiversity, providing habitat for numerous species of plants and animals.
5. They play a cr

1. Aquatic ecosystems are water-based ecosystems where organisms interact with the aquatic environment.
2. They are classified into freshwater and marine ecosystems based on salinity levels.

Freshwater Ecosystems

1. Freshwater ecosystems have low salt concentration, typically less than 1% salinity.
2. They include rivers, lakes, ponds, wetlands, and streams.
3. Freshwater ecosystems support a wide vari

1. Terrestrial ecosystems are land-based ecosystems where organisms interact with the environment.
2. These ecosystems are influenced by climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, and sunlight.
3. Terrestrial ecosystems are broadly classified into forests, grasslands, and deserts.

Forests

1. Forests are ecosystems dominated by trees and dense vegetation.
2. They are classified into tropical, temperate, and

1. A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which energy and nutrients flow in an ecosystem.
2. Food chains start with producers, such as plants, which convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
3. Producers are followed by primary consumers (herbivores), which feed directly on plants.
4. Secondary consumers (carnivores) feed on primary consumers.
5. Tertiary consumers are top predators that feed on secondary consumers.
6. Each step in a food c

1. Ecosystems perform essential functions that sustain life on Earth.
2. Two primary functions of ecosystems are energy flow and nutrient cycling.
3. Energy flow refers to the transfer of energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem.
4. Nutrient cycling involves the recycling of elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus within the ecosystem.
5. Energy flow in an ecosystem is unidirectional, moving from the sun to producers and then to consumers and deco

1. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment.
2. The term "ecosystem" was first introduced by A.G.

1. The environment and society share a dynamic and interdependent relationship.
2. Society depends on the environment for resources such as water, air, food, and energy.
3. The environment influences human behavior, cultural development, and economic activities.
4. Human activities, in turn, significantly impact the natural environment.
5. The concept of sustainable development emphasizes a balance between societal needs and environmental conservation.
6. Environm

1. The environment consists of two primary components: biotic and abiotic.
2. Biotic components refer to all living organisms in the environment.
3. Abiotic components include non-living physical and chemical factors.
4. The interaction between biotic and abiotic components forms ecosystems.
5. Biotic factors are categorized into producers, consumers, and decomposers.
6. Producers (autotrophs) synthesize their own food using sunli

1. Environmental Science is inherently interdisciplinary, combining multiple fields of study.
2. It draws from natural sciences like biology, chemistry, physics, and geology.
3. Includes aspects of social sciences such as sociology, economics, and political science.
4. Focuses on the interaction between humans and the environment.
5. Bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical applicati