Introduction

1. The Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution (Articles 12 to 35).
2. The Fundamental Duties are listed in Part IV-A (Article 51A), added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
3. The Fundamental Rights aim to ensure the individual's dignity, while the Fundamental Duties emphasize the importance of responsibilities toward the nation.

Fundamental Rights

Key Features

1. They are justiciable, meaning they

Introduction

1. The Indian Constitution establishes a parliamentary form of government both at the Union and State levels.
2. This system is based on the Westminster model of governance, which originated in the United Kingdom.
3. In a parliamentary system, the executive is responsible to the legislature, ensuring a close relationship between the two.
4. The primary feature of this system is the presence of a dual executive—the nominal and real executives.

Key Features o

Introduction

1. The Indian Constitution establishes a federal system of governance with a strong unitary bias.
2. It incorporates features of both federalism and unitarism, making it a unique form of governance often described as "quasi-federal."
3. This structure ensures a balance between the autonomy of states and the authority of the central government.

Federal Features

1. India has a clear division of powers bet

Overview

1. The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest written Constitution in the world.
2. It originally consisted of 395 articles divided into 22 parts and 8 schedules.
3. As of now, it includes more than 470 articles, 25 parts, and 12 schedules due to various amendments.
4. The length is a reflection of India's diverse culture, complex society, and the need to address multiple administrative and governance issues

Historical Context

1. The Constitution of India was framed by the Constituent Assembly, established under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946.
2. The drafting process took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days, from December 9, 1946, to November 26, 1949.
3. The Assembly held a total of 11 sessions to deliberate and finalize the Constitution.
4. The Constitution was influenced by various global documents, including the Government of India Act 1935 and the Constitutions of other nations.

Objectives Resolution

1. The Objectives Resolution was introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru in the Constituent Assembly on December 13, 1946.
2. It outlined the philosophical and ideological foundation of the Indian Constitution.
3. The Resolution declared India's intention to become an independent sovereign republic.
4. It emphasized the goals of justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity for all citizens.
5. It pro

Formation of the Constituent Assembly

1. The Constituent Assembly was formed under the framework of the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946.
2. It was tasked with drafting the Constitution of India after independence.
3. The Assembly's formation was based on indirect elections by the members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies.
4. The total strength of the Constituent Assembly was initially set at 389 members.
5. Out of these, 292 members represented provinces,

Overview

1. The Indian Independence Act of 1947 marked the end of British rule in India and the establishment of two independent nations: India and Pakistan.
2. The Act was based on the recommendations of the Mountbatten Plan, proposed by Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India.
3. It was passed by the British Parliament on July 18, 1947, and came into effect on August 15, 1947.

Key Provisions

1. The Act provided for the creation of two independ

Government of India Act, 1919

1. The Government of India Act of 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, was a significant step towards constitutional development in India.
2. It introduced the concept of diarchy at the provincial level.
3. Under diarchy, provincial subjects were divided into two categories: Transferred and Reserved.
4. Transferred subjects were administered by ministers responsible to the legislative council, while reserved subjects were handled by the G

Indian Councils Act of 1861

1. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 marked a significant step in involving Indians in the legislative process for the first time.
2. It restored the power of legislative decentralization to the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.
3. The Act provided for the establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal, the North-Western Provinces, and Punjab.
4. It introduced the concept of a portfolio system, where each member of the council was assigned specific departments.