Introduction

1. The Fundamental Duties were introduced to remind citizens of their responsibilities towards the nation and society.
2. In modern times, they play a crucial role in addressing various societal, environmental, and national challenges.
3. They complement the Fundamental Rights and aim to create a sense of civic responsibility.

Key Points Highlighting Contemporary Relevance

1. Promoting National Unity: The duties emphasize the importance

Introduction

1. The Fundamental Duties were introduced through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 and are enshrined in Part IV-A of the Indian Constitution under Article 51A.
2. Initially, 10 duties were added, and an 11th duty was incorporated later through the 86th Amendment Act, 2002.
3. The Fundamental Duties aim to promote a sense of responsibility and ensure that citizens contribute to the nation’s growth and unity.

List of 11

Introduction

1. The Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
2. These duties are enshrined in Part IV-A of the Constitution under Article 51A.
3. Inspired by the USSR Constitution, Fundamental Duties were introduced to remind citizens of their responsibilities towards the nation.
4. They aim to promote a sense of patriotism and strengthen the spirit of unity and integrity.

Background

Introduction

1. The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) aim to guide the state in establishing a welfare state and achieving socio-economic justice.
2. Some DPSP provisions have been implemented over time, including the Uniform Civil Code and the Panchayati Raj system.
3. These implementations reflect the state's commitment to realizing constitutional ideals.

Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

1. Article 44 of the Constitution directs the state to secure a Uniform Civil Code

Introduction

1. Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are two significant components of the Indian Constitution.
2. They aim to ensure justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity but differ in their nature, scope, and enforceability.
3. The Fundamental Rights are detailed in Part III (Articles 12–35), while the DPSPs are provided in Part IV (Articles 36–51).

Key Differences

Introduction

1. The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are enshrined in Part IV of the Constitution (Articles 36–51).
2. DPSPs aim to establish a framework for a welfare state by guiding the state in formulating policies.
3. Although they are non-justiciable, DPSPs are fundamental in the governance of the country.
4. DPSPs can be classified into three categories: Socialistic, Gandhian, and Liberal-Intellectual.

Socialistic Principles

1. These principles reflect the ide

Introduction

1. Landmark judgments play a pivotal role in interpreting and safeguarding Fundamental Rights.
2. Two such landmark cases are the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) and the Maneka Gandhi case (1978).
3. These judgments have shaped the constitutional and legal framework of India.

Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)

1. Full Name: Kesavananda Bharati vs.

Introduction

1. Fundamental Rights are essential guarantees provided by the Constitution of India under Part III (Articles 12–35).
2. While these rights are sacrosanct, they are subject to reasonable restrictions and exceptions to maintain social order, security, and public morality.
3. The restrictions and exceptions aim to balance individual rights with the larger interests of society and the state.

General Principles of Restrictions

1. Restrictions on Fundamental Rights must be reasonable and not

Introduction

1. Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution and are essential for ensuring justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
2. They act as limitations on the power of the state and provide a framework for individual freedom and dignity.
3. Fundamental Rights are enforceable by the courts, and any violation can be challenged through legal remedies.

1.

Introduction

1. Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution, spanning Articles 12 to 35.
2. They are essential for the development and dignity of individuals.
3. These rights guarantee civil liberties, ensuring that citizens can lead their lives in peace and harmony.
4. Inspired by the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution and other global human rights principles.

Definition of Fundamental Rights

1. Fundamental Rights are the