1. Conductors

  1. Conductors are materials that allow the easy flow of electric current.
  2. Their conductivity is due to the presence of free electrons.
  3. Examples include metals such as copper, aluminum, and silver.
  4. Conductors have very low resistivity (10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁸ Ω·m).
  5. They are widely used in electrical wiring and electronic circuits.

2.

1. Introduction to Cathode Rays

  1. Cathode rays are streams of electrons emitted from the cathode in a vacuum tube.
  2. They were first observed by J.J. Thomson, who identified them as negatively charged particles (electrons).
  3. Cathode rays are produced when a high voltage is applied across a vacuum tube with a cathode and anode.
  4. They travel in straight lines and cause fluorescence when they strike certain materials.

2.