1.

1. Incandescent Bulbs

1. Work on the principle of Joule heating.
2. An electric current passes through a tungsten filament, heating it to a high temperature.
3. The filament emits light due to incandescence.
4. Only about 5-10% of energy is converted to light; the rest is lost as heat.

2.

1. Introduction to Time Dilation and Length Contraction

1. These are key concepts in Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity.
2. They illustrate the relativity of time and space for observers in different frames of motion.
3. These phenomena occur at speeds close to the speed of light (c).

2.

1. Introduction to Special Relativity

1. Proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905.
2. Deals with the physics of objects moving at constant velocity, particularly at speeds close to the speed of light.
3. Built on two key postulates:
   • The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames.
   • The speed of light (c) is constant in all inertial frames, regardless of the motion of the source or observer.

2.

1. Introduction to Quantum Computing

1. Quantum computing is a revolutionary technology based on the principles of quantum mechanics.
2. Unlike classical computers that use bits (0 or 1), quantum computers use qubits, which can exist in a state of superposition.
3. This allows quantum computers to perform parallel processing and solve complex problems faster than classical computers.

2.

1. Introduction to Lasers

1. LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
2. It is a device that produces a highly focused and coherent beam of monochromatic light.
3. Lasers work based on the principles of quantum mechanics, particularly stimulated emission.

2.

1. Introduction to the Uncertainty Principle

1. Proposed by Werner Heisenberg in 1927 as a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics.
2. The principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously measure both the position and momentum of a particle with absolute precision.
3. The more precisely one quantity is known, the less precisely the other can be determined.

2.

1. Introduction to Quantum Physics

1. Quantum physics is the study of phenomena at atomic and subatomic levels.
2. Revolutionized classical physics by introducing the concept of quantization.
3. Developed to explain phenomena that could not be explained by classical theories.

2.

1. Introduction to Dual Nature of Light

1. Light exhibits both wave and particle properties, known as the dual nature of light.
2. Wave nature: Demonstrated by interference and diffraction.
3. Particle nature: Demonstrated by the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering.
4. First proposed in quantum theory by Max Planck and Albert Einstein.

2.

1. Wave-Particle Duality

1. Proposed to explain the dual nature of light and electromagnetic radiation.
2. Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties.
3. Wave nature: Demonstrated by interference and diffraction.
4. Particle nature: Demonstrated by the photoelectric effect.

2.