Protons

1. The proton is a positively charged particle with a relative charge of +1.
2. The atomic number is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus.
3. Protons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1917.
4. The charge of a proton is +1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ coulombs.
5. Protons are part of the nucleus and contribute to the atom's mass.

Neutrons

1. The neutron has no charge, making it neutral

1. Introduction to Stoichiometry

1. Stoichiometry deals with the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
2. It ensures compliance with the law of conservation of mass.
3. Calculations are based on the balanced chemical equation.

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1. Introduction to Stoichiometry

1. Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
2. It ensures that the law of conservation of mass is satisfied.
3. Helps in determining the amounts of substances involved in a reaction.

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1. Law of Multiple Proportions

1. Proposed by John Dalton in 1803.
2. States that when two elements combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
3. For example, carbon and oxygen form CO (carbon monoxide) and CO₂ (carbon dioxide).

1. Introduction

1. The Laws of Chemical Combination describe the fundamental principles that govern chemical reactions.
2. These laws were established based on experimental observations.
3. The two primary laws are the Law of Conservation of Mass and the Law of Definite Proportions.

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1. Introduction to Matter

1. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
2. It is composed of atoms, molecules, or ions.
3. Matter can be classified based on its composition.

2. Classification of Matter

1. Matter is broadly classified into pure substances and mixtures.
2. Pure substances are further divided into elements and compounds.

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1. Introduction to Matter

1. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
2. Matter is composed of atoms and molecules.
3. It exists in different states depending on temperature and pressure.

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1. Basics of Rockets

1. Rockets work on the principle of Newton’s Third Law of Motion: "Every action has an equal and opposite reaction."
2. Uses propellants (solid, liquid, or hybrid) to generate thrust.
3. Equipped with a payload that can carry satellites, instruments, or astronauts.
4. Critical components include engines, fuel tanks, and guidance systems.
5. Widely used in space exploration and satellite deployment.

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1. Radio Communication

1. Uses radio waves to transmit signals over long distances.
2. Based on the principles of electromagnetic wave propagation.
3. Consists of a transmitter that sends signals and a receiver that decodes them.
4. AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation) are the two main types of radio signals.
5. Widely used for broadcasting, navigation, and emergency communication.

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