1. Introduction

1. Oil-producing plants provide edible and industrial oils essential for cooking, cosmetics, and medicine.
2. Latex-producing plants produce natural rubber, which is widely used in industries.
3. Coconut, mustard, and rubber are economically significant crops cultivated in India.

2. Coconut (Cocos nucifera)

A.

1. Introduction

1. Beverage plants are cultivated for producing popular drinks like coffee, tea, and cocoa.
2. These beverages have economic, cultural, and medicinal importance.
3. India is one of the major producers of tea and coffee, while cocoa is cultivated in limited regions.

2. Coffee (Coffea spp.)

A.

1. Introduction

1. Fibers are plant-derived materials used for making textiles, ropes, and other products.
2. Timber plants provide wood for construction, furniture, and various industries.
3. India is a major producer of cotton, jute, bamboo, and teak.
4. These plants have economic, industrial, and environmental significance.

2. Important Fiber Plants and Their Uses

A.

1. Introduction

1. Medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine for centuries.
2. They contain bioactive compounds that help in disease prevention and treatment.
3. India is rich in medicinal plant biodiversity, with plants used in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathy.
4. They have applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals.

2.

1. Introduction

1. Cereals and pulses are the main sources of food and nutrition for humans.
2. Cereals are rich in carbohydrates, while pulses provide proteins.
3. Both are essential for food security and global agriculture.

2.

1. Introduction to Micropropagation

1. Micropropagation is a technique of rapid plant multiplication using tissue culture.
2. It allows for the production of genetically identical plants (clones).
3. Plays a crucial role in plant breeding, conservation, and commercial horticulture.

2.

1. Introduction to Tissue Culture

1. Tissue Culture is a technique of growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in a sterile nutrient medium.
2. It is based on the principle of totipotency, which means every plant cell has the potential to develop into a complete plant.
3. Uses a controlled environment with proper temperature, light, and nutrients.
4. Essential for rapid propagation, conservation, and genetic modifications.

2.

1. Introduction to Genetic Engineering in Agriculture

1. Genetic engineering involves modifying the DNA of crops to enhance desirable traits.
2. It is widely used in crop improvement, pest resistance, and stress tolerance.
3. Genetically modified (GM) crops are produced using Recombinant DNA Technology.
4. Aim: To enhance yield, resistance to pests, tolerance to drought, and nutritional value.

2.

1. Introduction to Genetic Engineering

1. Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism’s DNA using biotechnology.
2. It allows scientists to alter genes for improving traits in plants, animals, and microorganisms.
3. Used in agriculture, medicine, and industrial applications.

2.

1. Introduction to Plant Breeding

1. Plant breeding is the science of improving plant traits for human benefit.
2. It involves selection, hybridization, and genetic modification of plants.
3. Aims to develop high-yielding, disease-resistant, and climate-resilient crops.

2.