States of Matter

Crystal lattice, unit cell, types of crystal systems

A crystal lattice is a three-dimensional arrangement of points that represent the positions of particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) in a crystalline solid.
Each point in the lattice is called a lattice point.
The crystal lattice depicts the geometric arrangement of particles in space.
The regular and repeating pattern of the lattice gives crystals their characteristic shape.
The smallest repeating unit in a lattice is called the unit cell.

Crystalline solids have a highly ordered and periodic arrangement of particles (atoms, ions, or molecules).
They possess a definite geometric shape and well-defined edges.
Crystalline solids exhibit long-range order, meaning their structure is uniform over a large scale.
These solids have sharp and characteristic melting points.
They are anisotropic, meaning their properties (e.g., refractive index, conductivity) vary with direction.
Ex

Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapor of a liquid in equilibrium with its liquid phase at a given temperature.
It depends on the temperature and the nature of the liquid.
As the temperature increases, the vapor pressure also increases due to higher kinetic energy of the molecules.
A liquid with a higher vapor pressure at a given temperature is considered more volatile.
The temperature at which the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pre

The ideal gas equation is given by PV = nRT, where:
- P = Pressure
- V = Volume
- n = Number of moles
- R = Universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol·K)
- T = Temperature in Kelvin
This equation is derived by combining Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Avogadro’s law.
The ideal gas equation assumes that gases behave perfectly under all conditions