Fossil fuels: Coal, oil, natural gas

Overview of Fossil Fuels

1. Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
2. Major types include coal, oil, and natural gas.
3. They provide the majority of the world's energy supply.
4. Key uses include electricity generation, transportation, and industrial applications.
5. Significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.

Coal

1. Coal is a sedimentary rock rich in carbon and hydrocarbons.
2. It is classified into types such as anthracite, bituminous, lignite, and peat, based on carbon content.
3. Widely used for electricity generation in thermal power plants.
4. India is the second-largest producer of coal globally, with major reserves in Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh.
5. Combustion of coal releases carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and other pollutants.
6. Mining activities cause land degradation and water pollution.

Oil

1. Oil, also known as petroleum, is a liquid fossil fuel extracted from underground reservoirs.
2. It is refined into products such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and other petrochemicals.
3. Essential for the transportation sector and the production of plastics and chemicals.
4. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the USA dominate oil production.
5. India imports a significant portion of its oil, leading to economic dependency.
6. Oil spills and extraction can harm marine ecosystems.

Natural Gas

1. Natural gas is primarily composed of methane (CH4).
2. It is considered a cleaner fossil fuel compared to coal and oil.
3. Used for electricity generation, heating, and as a fuel in vehicles (CNG).
4. Countries with significant reserves include Russia, Iran, and Qatar.
5. In India, major production comes from the Krishna-Godavari Basin.
6. While it produces less carbon dioxide, it still contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

Environmental Impact

1. Burning fossil fuels is the primary source of global carbon dioxide emissions.
2. Leads to air pollution, contributing to smog and respiratory illnesses.
3. Mining and drilling operations can cause habitat destruction and water contamination.
4. Increased use accelerates climate change and global warming.

Challenges and Alternatives

1. Fossil fuels are finite and are being depleted at a rapid rate.
2. Transitioning to renewable energy sources is essential for sustainability.
3. Technological advancements aim to make carbon capture and storage more viable.
4. International agreements like the Paris Agreement encourage a reduction in fossil fuel dependency.