Production and propagation of soundIntroduction to Sound WavesSound waves are mechanical waves that require a medium for propagation.They are longitudinal waves, where particles in the medium oscillate parallel to the direction of…
Wave properties: wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speedIntroduction to Wave PropertiesWaves are disturbances that transfer energy from one point to another without the transport of matter.The primary properties of waves include wavelength, frequency,…
Transverse and longitudinal wavesIntroduction to WavesA wave is a disturbance or vibration that travels through a medium or space, transferring energy.Waves are classified into two main types: transverse and longitudinal, based on…
Applications in daily life (e.g., railway tracks, bridges)General OverviewThermal expansion is the tendency of materials to expand or contract with changes in temperature.It is a crucial factor in the design of various structures and devices to prevent…
Coefficient of linear, area, and volume expansionGeneral OverviewThermal expansion refers to the increase in the size (length, area, or volume) of a material due to an increase in temperature.The extent of expansion depends on the material…
Expansion of solids, liquids, and gasesGeneral Concepts of Thermal ExpansionThermal expansion is the increase in the size (length, area, or volume) of a substance when its temperature is increased.It occurs due to an increase in the…
Heat engines, refrigerators, Carnot engineHeat EnginesA heat engine is a device that converts heat energy into mechanical work.It operates between a hot reservoir and a cold reservoir.The working principle is based on the First and Second…
Concepts of entropy, enthalpy, and internal energyEntropyEntropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.The symbol for entropy is S, and its SI unit is joules per kelvin (J/K).It quantifies the unavailability of a system's energy to…
Laws of thermodynamics: Zeroth, First, Second, and Third lawsZeroth Law of ThermodynamicsThe Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics defines the concept of thermal equilibrium.If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal…
Thermal conductivity and applicationsThermal conductivity is a material's ability to conduct heat.It is denoted by the symbol k or λ.The SI unit of thermal conductivity is watt per meter per kelvin (W/m·K).Fourier's Law describes heat…