Indian Polity and Governance

Introduction

1. The Vice President is the second-highest constitutional office in India.
2. Acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
3. Plays a crucial role in the functioning of the Parliament and ensures continuity of governance.

Election of the Vice President

1. The Vice President is elected according to the provisions of Article 63 to Article 71 of the Indian Constitution.
2. Election process is conducted by the Election Commission of Ind

Introduction

1. Emergency provisions in the Indian Constitution are detailed under Part XVIII (Articles 352 to 360).
2. They empower the President to address situations threatening the unity, security, or financial stability of India.
3. Emergency provisions make the Indian Constitution both flexible and rigid, ensuring quick action during crises.
4. There are three types of emergencies:
   • National Emergency (Article 352).
   • President's Rule (Article 356).

Introduction

1. The President of India is the Head of State and the first citizen of the country.
2. The office is governed by Articles 52–62 of the Indian Constitution.
3. The President acts as the nominal executive, with real executive powers vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.

Election of the President

1. The President is elected through an indirect election by an Electoral Co

Introduction

1. The Fundamental Duties were introduced to remind citizens of their responsibilities towards the nation and society.
2. In modern times, they play a crucial role in addressing various societal, environmental, and national challenges.
3. They complement the Fundamental Rights and aim to create a sense of civic responsibility.

Key Points Highlighting Contemporary Relevance

1. Promoting National Unity: The duties emphasize the importance

Introduction

1. The Fundamental Duties were introduced through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 and are enshrined in Part IV-A of the Indian Constitution under Article 51A.
2. Initially, 10 duties were added, and an 11th duty was incorporated later through the 86th Amendment Act, 2002.
3. The Fundamental Duties aim to promote a sense of responsibility and ensure that citizens contribute to the nation’s growth and unity.

List of 11

Introduction

1. The Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
2. These duties are enshrined in Part IV-A of the Constitution under Article 51A.
3. Inspired by the USSR Constitution, Fundamental Duties were introduced to remind citizens of their responsibilities towards the nation.
4. They aim to promote a sense of patriotism and strengthen the spirit of unity and integrity.

Background

Introduction

1. The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) aim to guide the state in establishing a welfare state and achieving socio-economic justice.
2. Some DPSP provisions have been implemented over time, including the Uniform Civil Code and the Panchayati Raj system.
3. These implementations reflect the state's commitment to realizing constitutional ideals.

Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

1. Article 44 of the Constitution directs the state to secure a Uniform Civil Code

Introduction

1. Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are two significant components of the Indian Constitution.
2. They aim to ensure justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity but differ in their nature, scope, and enforceability.
3. The Fundamental Rights are detailed in Part III (Articles 12–35), while the DPSPs are provided in Part IV (Articles 36–51).

Key Differences

Introduction

1. Landmark judgments play a pivotal role in interpreting and safeguarding Fundamental Rights.
2. Two such landmark cases are the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) and the Maneka Gandhi case (1978).
3. These judgments have shaped the constitutional and legal framework of India.

Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)

1. Full Name: Kesavananda Bharati vs.

Introduction

1. Fundamental Rights are essential guarantees provided by the Constitution of India under Part III (Articles 12–35).
2. While these rights are sacrosanct, they are subject to reasonable restrictions and exceptions to maintain social order, security, and public morality.
3. The restrictions and exceptions aim to balance individual rights with the larger interests of society and the state.

General Principles of Restrictions

1. Restrictions on Fundamental Rights must be reasonable and not