National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

The National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) are constitutional bodies established under Article 338 and Article 338A, respectively.
These commissions were created to safeguard the rights and interests of the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs).
The NCSC and NCST were originally a single body until they were bifurcated in 2003 by the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act.
The primary function of both commissions is to investigate and monitor issues related to the safeguards provided to SCs and STs under the Constitution.
The NCSC focuses on the welfare and protection of Scheduled Castes, while the NCST does the same for Scheduled Tribes.
Both commissions report directly to the President of India.
The NCSC and NCST are empowered to inquire into complaints of violations of rights and safeguards of SCs and STs.
They also advise the government on the formulation and implementation of welfare schemes and policies for SCs and STs.
The commissions have the power of a civil court while investigating complaints.
The NCSC and NCST can summon witnesses, demand documents, and examine evidence related to complaints.
The commissions recommend measures for the effective implementation of constitutional provisions related to SCs and STs.
They play a crucial role in ensuring the representation of SCs and STs in public services, legislatures, and educational institutions.
Both commissions review the progress of the implementation of various development programs and laws related to SCs and STs.
The commissions submit annual and special reports to the President, which are then tabled in Parliament.
They work to prevent discrimination, atrocities, and exploitation of SCs and STs.
The NCSC and NCST have the mandate to spread awareness about the rights and entitlements of SCs and STs.
They review the implementation of protective legislations such as the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
The commissions monitor the functioning of various institutions and authorities responsible for implementing safeguards for SCs and STs.
The Chairpersons of the NCSC and NCST are appointed by the President of India.
Each commission consists of a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson, and three other members.
The term of office for the members is generally three years.
They ensure the proper allocation and utilization of funds meant for the development of SCs and STs.
The NCSC and NCST work closely with state governments to address issues faced by SCs and STs at the grassroots level.
Both commissions actively promote the socio-economic development of SCs and STs.
The NCSC and NCST address grievances related to the denial of reservation benefits and representation in employment.
The commissions play a significant role in fostering social justice and inclusion for marginalized communities.
The NCSC and NCST assist in policy-making for the socio-economic upliftment of SCs and STs.
They engage with civil society and NGOs to monitor the welfare of SCs and STs.
Both commissions have been instrumental in implementing key initiatives like Tribal Sub-Plan and Scheduled Caste Sub-Plan.
The commissions also address issues related to land alienation, displacement, and forced evictions of STs.
The NCSC monitors compliance with Article 17, which abolishes untouchability and prohibits its practice in any form.
The NCST addresses the implementation of the Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Constitution, which pertain to tribal areas.
Both commissions work to eradicate social evils like caste-based discrimination and exploitation of SCs and STs.
They provide inputs for international treaties and conventions related to the rights of indigenous and marginalized communities.
The commissions are key to fostering inclusive development and reducing inequalities in India.