Historical Background

Overview

1. The Indian Independence Act of 1947 marked the end of British rule in India and the establishment of two independent nations: India and Pakistan.
2. The Act was based on the recommendations of the Mountbatten Plan, proposed by Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India.
3. It was passed by the British Parliament on July 18, 1947, and came into effect on August 15, 1947.

Key Provisions

1. The Act provided for the creation of two independ

Government of India Act, 1919

1. The Government of India Act of 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, was a significant step towards constitutional development in India.
2. It introduced the concept of diarchy at the provincial level.
3. Under diarchy, provincial subjects were divided into two categories: Transferred and Reserved.
4. Transferred subjects were administered by ministers responsible to the legislative council, while reserved subjects were handled by the G

Indian Councils Act of 1861

1. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 marked a significant step in involving Indians in the legislative process for the first time.
2. It restored the power of legislative decentralization to the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.
3. The Act provided for the establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal, the North-Western Provinces, and Punjab.
4. It introduced the concept of a portfolio system, where each member of the council was assigned specific departments.

1. The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first step by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the East India Company in India.
2. It established the post of Governor-General of Bengal, with Warren Hastings being the first to hold the position.
3. It provided for a Supreme Court in Calcutta to administer justice.
4. The Act aimed to curb the corruption and mismanagement of the East India Company.
5. The Amending Act of 1781 clarified the powers and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and reduced c