Photoperiodism and vernalization1. IntroductionPlant growth and development are influenced by environmental factors like light and temperature.Photoperiodism is the response of plants to the duration of light and darkness.…
Essential nutrients, deficiency symptoms, and their functions1. IntroductionMineral nutrition is the study of how plants absorb and utilize nutrients.Plants require essential nutrients for growth, metabolism, and development.Deficiency of any essential…
Absorption and movement of water: transpiration, ascent of sap, transpiration pull1. IntroductionWater is essential for plant growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient transport.Plants absorb water through their roots and transport it to different parts.Water movement in plants occurs…
Diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis1. Introduction to Plant-Water RelationsWater plays a crucial role in plant growth, metabolism, and survival.Water movement in plants occurs through physical processes like diffusion, osmosis, and…
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron Transport Chain (ETC)1. Introduction to Cellular RespirationCellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).It occurs in three main…
Types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic1. Introduction to RespirationRespiration is the biological process by which cells break down glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) to produce energy (ATP).Occurs in all living organisms, including plants, animals, and…
C3, C4, and CAM pathways, factors affecting photosynthesis1. Introduction to PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) using light energy.It takes place in…
Structure of chloroplasts, light and dark reactions1. Introduction to PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is the process by which green plants synthesize organic compounds using light energy.It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.The process involves…